Support Staff and Teachers - 1033 Words

Describe how a learning practitioner may contribute to the planning, delivery and review of learning activities Unit 210 1.1 As a teaching assistant your teacher may involve you in the planning of a lesson, she will tell you what the lesson is about and who they want you to work with. When the teacher is planning the lesson you should have the opportunity to discuss and look at pupils work with the teacher, this is called review. Review is when you can look to see if the work that has been set has been done and if the child has understood what has been asked of them. It would be a good idea to walk around the classroom to see if the children are doing the work correctly, making notes and to let the teacher know, then you can discuss†¦show more content†¦Reading - I don’t like to read out aloud to a group of people or children as I tend to get my words mixed up and start to stammer. Strengths I am experienced in working within a school environment having worked in schools for a number of years. I know the different problems that I may encounter and how to deal with them. Being a mum of two teenagers I can relate to problems that children may be going through and I am able to give advice if needed. The children have respect for me and I am not afraid to give disciplinary action where needed and I also reward good behaviour to children giving them a sense of achievement. Weaknesses Having been out of the learning environment for a number of years I am a bit rusty on some subjects such as maths, but I am trying to overcome this by learning from my maths. If you have weaknesses such as maths for example this could impact on the child you are supporting because if you do not understand what to do in the lesson then how will you help the child you are supporting. This is why it is best to know what the lesson plan is, then at least you can look up what will be studied in the lesson, that way you will understand what is asked of you therefore you will be able to support the child in thatShow MoreRelatedExplain the Strategic Purpose of School Governors, Senior Management Team, Other Statutory Roles, Teachers and Support Staff Roles1398 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 Explain the Strategic Purpose of School Governors, Senior Management Team, Other Statutory Roles, Teachers and Support Staff Roles School Governors – School Governors give direction and focus by performing a vital and strategic role. Their main role is to help raise standards of achievement. Governors: †¢ Are accountable for the performance of the school †¢ Help shape the school’s future direction †¢ Monitor and review the performance of the school †¢ Make decisions about the school’s budgetRead MoreDescribe Roles and Responsibilities of: A. School Governors. B. Senior Management Team. C. Other Statutory Roles E.G. Senco. D. Teachers. E. Support Staff.904 Words   |  4 Pages D. teachers. E. support staff. A) Responsibilities of school governors are to ensure the curriculum is balanced and broadly based, setting targets for pupil achievements, managing the schools finances, reviewing staff performance and pay as well as appointing staff. The size of the governing body rangesRead More2.1 – Explain the Strategic Purpose of a) School Governors, B) Senior Management Team, C) Other Statutory Roles E.G. Senco, D) Teachers and E) Support Staff Roles664 Words   |  3 Pagesstatutory roles e.g. SENCO, d) teachers and e) support staff roles. Governors The governing body is responsible for the conduct of its schools and must promote high standards of educational achievement at the school. It is the schools accountable body and as such * Provides a strategic view of the school by establishing a vision and setting the purpose and aims of the school within an agreed policy framework. It appoints and performance manages the head teacher, agreeing the school improvementRead MoreRoles And Responsibilities Of A School975 Words   |  4 Pageswill consist of different people who have links with the school or the local community. There will be at least 1 parent and 1 staff governor, and also the head teacher. Additional governors will be a support staff governor and a local authority governor who is chosen by the local authority, and also a local community governor. Governors work together with the head teacher and the senior management team. They are rarely seen around the school during the working day. Their main roles are to set aimsRead MoreIdentofy the Main Types of State and Independant Schools Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesThis governing body determines its own admissions policy in consultation with the LEA. T he governing body or a charitable foundation will own the schools, the land and buildings. As these schools are not governed by the LEA they have to buy in any support services. The decision on becoming a trust school will be made by the governing body and consultation with parents. There are two types of voluntary schools, voluntary aided and voluntary controlled. Voluntary aided schools are mainly faithRead MoreEssay about Allocating Resources to Improve Student Learning1692 Words   |  7 Pagesattention teachers can give to a student. Large portions of institutional expenditures go to salaries, which supports the argument that most education dollars are spent on people, and not on the product. Thus raising the questions what can be done to spend education dollars more effectively with out over crowding classrooms and increase workloads. To address these issues the structure for the organization of the staff must be examined. Over the past five decades, the number of teachers as a percentageRead MoreRoles and Responsibilities of School Governors, Senior Management Team, and Other Statutory Roles775 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsibilities of school governors, senior management team, and other statutory roles (e.g. SENCO), teachers, support staff | Roles | Responsibilities | School governors | The school governors must appoint a chair and a vice-chair and may wish to make a number of other specific appointments to lead on to certain aspects of the school. There are many different types of governors such as parent governors, staff governors, community governors, authority governors, foundation governors, partnership governorsRead MoreMain Features Of The September Guarantee Scheme1655 Words   |  7 Pagesof teaching staff and at least one parent who is also the governor of the school. They may also be selected due to their local authority links or they may be a representative of the support staff. They have a range of duties and are generally responsible for: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Promoting high standards of the school, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ensuring that the curriculum is balanced and results in high academic achievement, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Setting targets for pupil achievement, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Managing the school finances, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Appointing staff à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ReviewingRead MoreGraduation Speech : Is It Compulsory For Young People?829 Words   |  4 Pagesadvanced level apprenticeships, as well as study programmes, which give different levels of support and offer skills and understanding in a particular area, as well as supporting young people with learning disabilities. Other options for young people include voluntary work and job introduction/work path scheme. There is also support for adults in their education and career path: Social care services offer support for adults to make the right choices. Higher education (university) and adult communityRead MoreBenefits Of Implementing A Performance Management System924 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement of the teachers and does not adequately determine the performance of the support staff. According to the case study, â€Å" the performance management system was designed for teachers, but was used to evaluate school support staff as well because there was no system specially geared toward support staff.â€Å" Currently there are 120 employees, 80 are teachers and 40 are non-teachers (support staff). When the current performance management system was created â€Å"few support staff members were classified

The Effects Of Workplace On The Organization And Answer...

A bully will never cease from intimidating others; he or she enters the work place and continue to terrorize colleagues with his or her disruptive and hurtful behavior. Almost everyone has succumbed to bullying in life, whether it was in the role as an innocent target, horrible aggressor, or tacit bystander. Thus, recently social media seems to express utter disdain with bullies terrifying innocuous classmates in schools, but many organizations overlook workplace bullying and underestimate its power since it is not a punishable offense. Consequently, almost 14 million American adults succumb to bullying daily, and millions more experience the mortifying consequences of witnessing the maltreatment (Namie, 2011). Therefore, this brief research will discuss the impact of workplace bullying on the organization and answer the following questions: 1. What is workplace bullying? 2. What are the causes of workplace bullying? 3. What is the cost of workplace bullying? 4. How can a corporation eradicate workplace bullying? Thus, bullying is a methodical operation of interpersonal destruction that endangers a person’s health, career, and job. Furthermore, it is a non-physical, non-homicidal manner of violence and abuse, and it causes severe emotional harm. Although workplace bullying is not illegal, it occurs four times more than sexual harassment or racial discrimination in the workplace (Namie, 2015). Additionally, bullying is a destructive, silent epidemic that thoroughlyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Workplace Bullying On The Organization And Answer The Following Questions Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pagesin schools, but many organizations overlook workplace bullying and underestimate its power since it is not a punishable offense. Consequently, almost 14 million American adults succumb to bullying daily, and millions more experience the mortifying consequences of witnessing the maltreatment (Namie, 2011). Therefore, this brief research will discuss the impact of workplace bullying on the orga nization and answer the following questions: 1. What is the definition of workplace bullying? 2. What areRead MoreOhS-Assignment 1 Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment 1 Quiz - OHS act Ch.6 Question 1 Marks: 1 A Joint Health and Safety committee is mandated in any organization with more than how many employees? Choose one answer. a. 2 workers b. 5 workers c. 10 workers d. 20 workers e. 50 workers Correct Marks for this submission: 1/1. Question 2 Marks: 1 Biohazard exposure is not as common as: Choose one answer. a. noise exposure b. physical agents c. chemical exposure Read MoreMGT 312 Entire Course1103 Words   |  5 Pagesto your workplace. How will knowledge of organizational behavior benefit you as a manager? Include  at least two scholarly citations from the library.  MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper Click  the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.   MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper       MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior in the Workplace WORKSHEET    Organizational Behavior in the Workplace WORKSHEET Complete  the matrix below with 3 to 5 job skills found in the workplace that couldRead MoreMgt 312 Entire Course Essay1145 Words   |  5 Pagesorganizational behavior components relate to your workplace. †¢ How will knowledge of organizational behavior benefit you as a manager? Include at least two scholarly citations from the library. MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior in the Workplace WORKSHEET Organizational Behavior in the Workplace WORKSHEET Complete the matrix below with 3Read MoreMgt 312 Organizational Behavior for Manager Complete Class1190 Words   |  5 Pagesorganizational behavior components relate to your workplace. †¢ How will knowledge of organizational behavior benefit you as a manager? Include at least two scholarly citations from the library. MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior in the Workplace WORKSHEET Organizational Behavior in the Workplace WORKSHEET Complete the matrix below with 3Read MoreThe Glass Ceiling Effect Stand Between Men And Women Employees Essay889 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy is to ascertain whether women employees in TfL experience the â€Å"glass ceiling† effect. As a result, the study is designed to focus on the positive experiences and approaches that contribute to and influence the success of women in senior level administration positions instead of focusing on the barriers to such. Research Questions The following question will guide the study: How does the glass ceiling effect stand between men and women employees, especially those in senior level management withinRead MoreWEEKLY KNOWLEDGE1570 Words   |  7 PagesWeek 1 Knowledge Check Concepts Mastery Score: 24/25 Questions 0% 1 RHETORICAL DEVICES AND FALLACIES 100% 2 ENHANCING CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION 100% 3 CREDIBILITY OF CLAIMS 100% 4 ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS 100% 5 ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 100% 6 INTRINSIC MOTIVATION 100% 7 GROUP STRATEGIES 100% 8 LEADERSHIP STYLE 100% 9 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES 100% 10 THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS 100% 11 Read MoreMgt312 Mgt 312 Organizational Behavior for Manager – All Assignments772 Words   |  4 Pagesof how these organizational behavior components relate to your workplace. How will knowledge of organizational behavior benefit you as a manager? Include at least two scholarly citations from the library. MGT 312 WEEK 2 Personality Impact Paper Complete the personality assessments in Ch. 2 of Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior: Exhibit 2.5, 2.6, and 2.7 Write a 350- to 700-word paper covering the following: Summarize the major aspects of your personality based on the personalityRead MoreThe Value Of Retaining Employees932 Words   |  4 PagesLaura Michaud expresses the importance and what it takes to retain employees in her article, The Value of Retaining Employees. It’s hard to retain employees especially when opposing organizations try to influence employees with offers of more money or more perks. Michaud discusses five important retention tips that will keep employees happy; build relationships, offer praise, listen, create a fun environment, and strengthen the team. Retention is important for a company because losing employees canRead MoreHow Employees Define Understands, And Link Engagement At The Workplace983 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose Researchers have found only 30% of employees in the United States are actively engaged in the workplace (Gallup 2013). In 2010, data provided by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (as cited in Moreland, 2013) show more individuals are voluntarily quitting their jobs. With over 70% of US workers disengaged, this topic has arguably prompted an interest that continues to be earnestly pursued by many. As a result, the Gallup Q12 expands the need for additional research based on their finding

The Double Helix Essay Example For Students

The Double Helix Essay One of the most important discoveries ever in biology has to be that of the structure of DNA. In ?The Double Helix,? James tells the story, both funny and serious, of all his trials and tribulations leading up to the famous discovery. James starts out with his fantasy of someday solving the great mystery surrounding the structure of DNA. He realizes from the very beginning his competitors in this great race: Maurice Wilkins (x-ray diffraction expert), Rosy Franklin (Information expert on crystallography and soon to be Maurices new enemy), Linus Pauling (very intelligent scientist), and Francis Crick (outspoken scientist often compared to Rutherford or Bohr). With all of these experts, in their own fields, Watson new he had to spring into action and fast. In the fall of 1951, Watson set out to the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University. Once there he got to know the always-excited Francis and the straightforward Maurice. Soon after, Watson and Francis paired up to uncover the se cret pattern of DNA. Two people who aided both to the slowness and acceleration of the project were Sir Lawrence Bragg (creator of the basic law of all crystallography ideas and also Francis superior) and Rosy Franklin. Their criticism and sometimes lack of cooperation had a big affect on the research. Watson soon started attending conferences and seminars that had anything to do whatsoever with DNA. He and Francis started taking advantage of information from surrounding experts like Maurice and Rosy into their everyday studies. Scientist Linus Pauling, made a very near achievement towards the discovery of the DNA structure. He announced his completion of figuring out the a-helix. This put Francis and Watson on a faster track. Francis soon after had a little success of his own. He came up with new equations to help the new theory of diffraction of x-rays on helical molecules. Another close call came when Rosy announced she was holding a seminar to announce that her study of crystallization was headed to straight success towards the structure of DNA. Watson of course attended and left both relieved and a little uptight. When he got back, he explained to Francis that she was in the wrong direction but on the right track. As soon as they started to get back into the way of their studies again, an unpredictable announcement came from straight above. Sir Lawrence Bragg ordered that they stop their experimenting with DNA and continue on with their original studies. No repeal or other action was taken; instead Francis and Watson continued to study the DNA on their own time. Rosy continued her study and made known her opinions. She believed that the sugar-phosphate backbone was outside of the DNA structure. Her x- ray pictures were also very good looking. If Rosys good guesses didnt shake up Francis and Watson, the announcement coming later that week did. It was reported that Linus discovered the structure for DNA! The excitement grew around Cambridge as the information spread. While Watson was still trying to soak up the news, he studied Linus illustrations very intensely. He soon figured out that Linus was mistaken. One of the worlds most prestigious scientists made a dramatic elementary chemistry mistake. The model was not ionized. Linus nucleic acid was not an acid at all. Almost traumatized, Francis and Watson began working around the clock to fix the error Linus made. Watson began to play with his ideas and soon he came to the decision to build 2 chain models of what the DNA structure was to him. With these models he soon figured out that the adenine-thymine pairs and the guanine-cytosine pairs were fuss-proof identical in shape. As he started to figure it out, it all seemed to fit perf ectly. Maurice and Rosys x-ray data strongly supported their DNA structure. .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e , .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e .postImageUrl , .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e , .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e:hover , .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e:visited , .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e:active { border:0!important; } .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e:active , .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u673fb9ba52ab090577079408ff87138e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Italy (595 words) EssayAll turned out to be accurate and Francis and Watson were instantly congratulated on their great work. The news was soon published everywhere. Francis, Watson and Maurice all shared in the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1962. Their success was great and their sacrifice was brutal. This book really does show that besides hard work and a lot of smarts, that there are also ordinary, funny, and strange lives living on the science world. Watson is able to write his feelings down perfect enough for me to understand what he is saying. I believe that this story relates to the theme Science as a Process. Francis and Watson continued to hypothesize, test and apply their answers to certain problems for a long time until they got it right. They used theirs and everyone elses knowledge of science until they came up with the answer that changed the course that Biology is on today. Science

Test On Tenses free essay sample

Test on Tenses Direction: Encircle the best answer in each question. 1. Marie started to cook for her visitors meal an hour ago. She is still cooking. A. Marie is cooking for an hour already. B. Marie was cooking for an hour already. C. Marie has been cooking for an hour already. D. Marie will be cooking for an hour already. 2. Yesterday, the computer crashed while he saved b. Saved c. Was saving d. Saves the document. A. Had 3. Magdalene and her family went to the beach to have their family bonding. They went to the beach since last week. A. Magdalene and her family had been to the beach since last week. B. Magdalene and her family have been to the beach since last week. C. Magdalene and her family were in the beach since last week. D. Magdalene and her family are in the beach since last week. 4. When arrived, She a. We will write a custom essay sample on Test On Tenses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Was playing b. Has been playing c. Had been played d. Is playing with his Nintendo. 5. Sam went to America. Before she went there, she already learned how to speak English language. She learns already how to speak English language before she went to America. B. She had learned already how to speak English language before she went to America. C. She had been learned already how to speak English language before she went to America. D. She learned already hot to speak English language before she went to America. Daces, April Mae On Authentic Test Material used: A letter A friend of yours was asked by his or her teacher to write a letter about his or her driving experience.Before he or she submits the letter, your friend asked you to check his or her letter. However, upon reading the letter, you find out that there are lots of inappropriate words used. Directions: ask for the words and sentences that made the letter to have a lack of sense. Revise and edit the letter for word choice and variety in sentence structure. Change the tenses, add, delete, or change some words and sentences in order to help him or her make the letter more precise and well constructed,

Agony And Ectacy Essays - Michelangelo, House Of Medici,

Agony and Ectacy THEME: When looking at the life of one of historys greatest men, the lessons we might learn are countless, despite Irving Stones fictional twists. Before we can begin to examine The Agony and the Ecstasy, we must understand Michelangelo and other artists as Stone saw them. Stone considered the artist a creator as well as a part of creation, just as God is seen in many of todays ideologies. Michelangelos life can likewise be paralleled to Genesis. At first Michael is lonely and friendless, he then decides to take up and apprenticeship and create works of art just as the Lord years to love and creates man. His creation however will face the evils of envy and jealousy just as we must in our everyday-lives. Knowing this we can best point out several themes and ideas one of which is the idea that we are always under the Lords watch and that while we may not always notice his deeds he is listening. This idea of God is personified in Bertolodo but may also be seen through Michelangelos life itself. Time and time again he is spared from the anger of unsatisfied customers by the popes (messengers from God). While the popes also seem to cause him troubles however the reality of the matter is that their imposings actually benefit him and when they do not the Pope seems to conveniently pass away. It is because of Guilio that Michelangelo betters himself by becoming an engineer and because of Paul III becomes an architect, finally, through Julius he expands his trade to bronze. Yet another of the many clear themes is the majesty and divinity of art but most importantly its required devotion and incapability with business and social life. SETTING: The Agony and the Ecstasy gives the reader a vivid view into the world of Michelangelo Buonarroti. Detailed descriptions of the people, culture and architecture of Italy actually are vividly portrayed. Cities included are Rome, Florentine, Settigano and Bologna during the 80 years of Michelangelos career in the 13th and 14th centuries. BASIC PLOT: Just as his father, the young Florentine boy examining his reflection in the mirror of his cramped bedroom, while most of Florence slept, was unfortunate enough to have been born at the wrong time. Moreover, just as his father, Michelangelo Buonarroti would inherit a longevity of life during which he would encounter great people, making long-lasting friendships with some of the most famous in Europe, discovering heated rivalries and malices between the most powerful and feared men of over half a century and forge passionate eternal love affairs with the most beautiful women of Italy. For now however Michelangelo would have to attend to more urgent matters in particular his application for apprenticeship under Florences greatest painter of the time, Ghirlandaio. It took little convincing for the great master to discover the talent in Michelangelo that his apprentice and Michelangelos only friend, Granacci, had spoken about. The greatness of this talent was perhaps best exemplified when Ghirlandaio actually decided to pay Michelangelo for his apprenticeship in order to appease the boys extremely frugal yet lazy father Lodovico. Despite his impoverished familys protests, Michelangelo continued his apprenticeship, he was working as an artist, for once in his life he found friendships and a feeling of belonging through the other apprentices; nothing could draw him away from his vocation except of course, the passion and yearning that had drawn him to the apprenticeship. When he first applied to become Ghirlandaios apprentice, he had done so only because his birth had missed the great era of Florentine sculpting by several decades. Since he was a small child living on the family farm in Settigano, near the rock quarries of the Topolinos, Michelangelo yearned to wield the hammer and chisel, to model shapeless and plain marble into models of beauty. His master understood this quiet plainly and thus when Lorenzo Medici, the most richest and most powerful man in Europe after the pope, requested two of his apprentices for his new school of sculpting, Ghirlandaio knew plainly who he must release from his contract. Although greatly disappointed about having to leave Ghirlandaio, with whom he had grown attached, Michelangelo was overwhelmed with joy

Genetics Basics

Genetics Basics Have you ever wondered why you have the same eye color as your mother or the same hair color as your father? Genetics is the study of inheritance or  heredity. Genetics helps to explain how traits are passed from parents to their young. Parents pass traits to their young through gene transmission. Genes are located on chromosomes and consist of DNA. They contain specific instructions for protein synthesis. Genetics Basics Resources Understanding certain genetic concepts can be difficult for beginners. Below are several helpful resources that will assist in the understanding of basic genetic principles. Gene Inheritance Genetic Dominance: Learn about the differences between complete genetic dominance, codominance, and incomplete dominance.Mendels Law of Segregation: The principles that govern heredity were discovered by a monk named Gregor Mendel in the 1860s. One of these principles is now called Mendels law of segregation.Mendels Law of Independent Assortment: This principle of heredity formulated by Gregor Mendel states that traits are transmitted to offspring independently of one another.Polygenic Inheritance: Polygenic inheritance is the inheritance of traits such as skin color, eye color, and hair color that are determined by more than one gene.Sex-linked Traits: Hemophilia is an example of a common sex-linked disorder that is an X linked recessive trait. Genes and Chromosomes Chromosomes and Sex: Introduction to the basics of sex determination by the presence or absence of certain chromosomes.Gene Mutations: A gene mutation is any change that occurs in the DNA. These changes can be beneficial to, have some effect on, or be seriously detrimental to an organism.Four Cute Features Caused by Gene Mutations: Did you know that cute features such as dimples and freckles are caused by gene mutations? These traits can either be inherited or acquired.Genetic Recombination: In genetic recombination, genes on chromosomes are recombined to produce organisms with new gene combinations.Genetic Variation: In genetic variation, the alleles of organisms within a population change. This change may result from mutation, gene flow, or sexual reproduction.Sex Chromosome Abnormalities: Sex chromosome abnormalities occur as a result of chromosome mutations brought on by mutagens or problems that occur during meiosis. Genes and Protein Synthesis Decoding Your Genetic Code: The genetic code is the information in DNA and RNA that determines amino acid sequences in protein synthesis.How Does DNA Transcription Work?: DNA transcription is a process that involves the transcribing of genetic information from DNA to RNA. Genes are transcribed in order to produce proteins.Translation: Making Protein Synthesis Possible: Protein synthesis is accomplished through a process called translation. In translation, RNA and ribosomes work together to produce proteins. Mitosis and Meiosis DNA Replication: DNA replication is the process of copying the DNA within our cells. This process is a necessary step in mitosis and meiosis.The Cell Cycle of Growth: Cells grow and replicate through an ordered series of events called the cell cycle.Stage-By-Stage Guide to Mitosis: This guide to the phases of mitosis explores the reproduction of cells. In mitosis, chromosomes are duplicated and divided evenly between two daughter cells.Stages of Meiosis: This stage-by-stage guide to the phases of meiosis provides details about the events that occur in each of the stages of meiosis I and meiosis II.7 Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis: Cells divide either through the process of mitosis or meiosis. Sex cells are produced through meiosis, while all other body cell types are produced through mitosis. Reproduction Gametes: The Building Blocks of Sexual Reproduction: Gametes are reproductive cells that unite at fertilization to form a new cell called a zygote. Gametes are haploid cells, meaning that they contain only one set of chromosomes.Haploid Cells: Gametes and Spores: A haploid cell is a cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes. Gametes are examples of haploid cells that reproduce by meiosis.How Sexual Reproduction Occurs: Sexual reproduction is a process by which two individuals produce offspring with genetic traits from both parents. It involves the union of gametes.Types of Fertilization in Sexual Reproduction: Fertilization involves the union of male and female sex cells, which results in the production of offspring with a mix of inherited genes.Parthenogenesis and Reproduction Without Fertilization: Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction that does not require the fertilization of a female egg cell. Both plants and animals reproduce in this manner.What Is Asexual Reproduction?: In asexual reproduction, one individual produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself. Common forms of asexual reproduction include budding, regeneration, and parthenogenesis.

Plastic Surgery Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Plastic Surgery - Dissertation Example The concept of the script is to illustrate cruel beauty. The collection entails the clothes suitable for the autumn/winter of 2017. The clothes are menswear. Savage beauty under the context relates to the Japanese tattoo, the corset as well as plastic surgery. The use of the three beautification approaches is ancient in their form. From ancient civilizations, people are particular regarding enhancement of beauty. The use of the corset explains a garment that tends to befit the wearer into a shape that fits the garment and not the human. The Japanese’s tattoo reveals extreme measures. The clothing tends to train the torso into an aesthetic form. A view of the history includes the use of the corset by both genders with the most ancient picture of the attire being 2000BC to appear (Lemire and Riello, 2008: p.912). On the other hand, the Japanese tattoo explains the instance of body decoration. The implication is that the skin is a garment and one that cannot fade away after the a pplication of the ink. The tattoos have particular reasons such as for decorative or spiritual ends. The tattoos first image to come into contact with the modern man tends to date back to about 10,000BC (Westlake, 2012). On the other hand, plastic surgery is the alteration of the body form or the subsequent restoration. The practice dates back to the Old Kingdom that was in rule between 3000-2500BC (Westlake, 2012).The practices were also in practise in the ancient civilization of Egypt as per the Papyrus by Edwin Smith. However, the instance was in the repair of noses.

Pros and cons of inserting a chip or radio frequency identification Essay

Pros and cons of inserting a chip or radio frequency identification device into an individual - Essay Example Our comfort factor in swiping credit cards or tapping cellular phones at certain POS shows that we think nothing these days of the personal information that it shared with others. Knowing all these factors, I cannot help but wonder as to why there is so much discussion over the pros and cons of implanting an RFID chip just under our skin when such technology is meant to insure that we will get ample and accurate medical care each time we pay a visit to the doctor or the emergency room. It creates an almost perfect healthcare system for us in that way. Companies like VeriMed, who are tasked with the creation of these ID chips assure the patients that procedure for implanting the chip and the accompanying stored information pose no danger to the patient. In fact, listening to their explanation about the importance of the microchip implant is quite logical. VeriMed representatives (â€Å"Patient: For Patients, Caregivers and Loved Ones,† n.d.) assure the patients that it is : .. the first and only FDA-approved patient identification system that uses an implantable microchip. While that may sound like science fiction, its really down-to-earth, common sense when it comes to your life. About the size of a grain of rice and inserted just under your skin in the back of your right arm, each VeriMed microchip contains a unique identification number that emergency personnel may scan to immediately identify you and access your personal health information - facilitating appropriate treatment with less delay. Such an argument actually makes sense when you think about it because in emergency situations wherein the patient is incapable of answering doctor and nurse questions, a mere scan of the chip will tell the doctors exactly what they need to know about their patient. With the chips ability to â€Å"speak† for the patient in a way, a patient is

Stakeholder mapping Stakeholder analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stakeholder mapping Stakeholder analysis - Essay Example The stakeholders can very well be found beyond the formal structure of the company. Therefore in order to find out all the stakeholders, the company is also required to have a look at informal and indirect relationships as well. The company management has to make a balancing assessment and evaluate all such external forces in order to take them along with company’s objectives. Two major elements for stakeholder management are Stakeholder mapping and Stakeholder analysis. By managing the interest of stakeholders an organisation can enhance the wealth in such a manner that economic benefits can be generated by positive relationships between the organisation and its stakeholders (Preston and Donaldson, 1999). This necessitates that the service values as perceived by stakeholders are determined in an objective manner. This includes determination of elements like information and knowledge sharing about the functioning of the company, joint ventures, acquisitions and mergers, comple mentary resources and capabilities. In fact, at times, the operational direction of the company is set by the manner in which the stakeholders perceive the company, its missions and objectives. Key stakeholders like shareholders, employees, financers etc. often make use of influencing strategies to guide the organisation or to set the priorities for the company (Frooman, 1999). Therefore while taking crucial corporate decisions, it is necessary to know about the expectations of different stakeholders and to determine the extent to which they could and would exert their influence. Mitchell et al (1997) contend that an influential model of how stakeholders influence organisations is based on attributes of power, legitimacy and urgency. Johnson & Scholes (1999) define stakeholder as, â€Å"Stakeholders are groups or individuals who have a stake in, or expectation of, the organization’s performance.† Besides the owners

New Company Business Plan Adventure International Travel Tourism Essay

New Company Business Plan Adventure International Travel Tourism Essay Adventure International Travel would be a sole proprietorship company that will provide adventure trips and activities such as skiing, river rafting, mountain climbing, biking, etc. along with other services such as lodging, car rental, airline tickets and so on. The location of the company will be in the central of California. The idea behind setting up this business is its high growth rate; travel industry growth rate is 4% and 10% of adventure travel per year. AIT will take advantage of this growing sector by providing full adventure packages with the support of experienced staff and effective marketing. The estimated set up cost for AIT would be approximately $102,500, out of this figure $85,000 will be a loan from First National Bank and remaining will be the personal investment. The large percentage of AITs target market would be health conscious, ages between 18-34, and families with annual household income of $50,000 and it will maintain 10% margins on all airline tickets and 20% gross margins on other services such as lodging, car rental, etc. AIT will start with 4 full time positions (manager, marketing and advertising director, accountant, and travel agent). It expects slow growth in first 2 quarters of operation because it will be new in the market and will take time to establish. Details about market analysis, strategy, management, and financial plan are described in this study. AIT is a travel agency that provides adventure trips and consultation to its customers with a view to make their vacation worthy. Providing adventure trips is our primary business and hence we generate profits from it. The required capital for setting-up the business would be approximately $103,000, out of which some investment would come from personal and remaining would come from long-term loan from First National Bank in north-west location (Edward G. Hinkelman, 2004). EXPENSES: this will include rent of the office, consultants fees, cost of insurance, electricity, water and other utilities bills. The large portion of investment will go in setting-up the computer systems. LOANS: a loan of $85,000 would be taken from First National Bank. (Startups, 2010). AIT will be a sole proprietorship owned business that will be located in Central California. Once the Business achieves its goal we may go for a partnership with other agencies to expand our Business. This probably is done after 18 months of operation. AIT has searched for 3 potential locations for setting up the Business. All these locations are in the central of California and are between approximately 1200-1500 square feet of area. After achieving the goal within defined time period in the travel industry AIT would be among the top 30 agencies in California with population of 38 million in 2010 (Allan Beaver. 2005). AIT provides travel services to both individual and group of customers. We provide special offers to corporate clients also. We provide full travel package that includes air tickets, lodging, car on rent, rail passage, sightseeing, etc. Our aim is to keep differentiate ourselves as a specialist in adventure travel agency (Adventuresportsonline, 2010). AIT will provide a high standard of services including air tickets and travel packages. Top of it we will provide services like accommodation and entertainment, customer satisfaction, and assistance in handling the passport. Moreover, we offer quality services with competitive rates focusing mainly on Adventure travel. There are two categories of Adventure travel, hard and soft adventure. Both categories involve physically active and athletic activities. Soft adventure activities involve less physical work and risk as compared to hard adventure activities. Economic indicators suggest that there is a high rise in demand for adventure travel services. We can position ourselves as a niche services provider in the field of adventure travel. AIT will deal with all the top-notch suppliers with accomplished backgrounds. If any of the suppliers failed to meet our requirements for high standards of quality we will discontinue our business with them (Ibid). The travel agency business is very highly competitive in market and the latest technology, computerized reservation systems (CRS) using the internet has changed the way how agencies operate. With the help of internet both agencies and clients can search for best deals in the market. Air fare brokers offer more discount on online reservations. It has resulted in price competition. CRS can increase the speed and efficiency of agencies to respond to customer transactions. It has also resulted in increased set-up costs for other travel agencies those wish to be competitive. Increasing industry competition and the number of travel options that are available have forced smaller travel agencies to become specialist at least one of the travel types and AIT would try to establish as a specialist in adventure travel. AIT believes in establishing customer relationships for its long-term sales and will provide full adventure packages with free consultation and lower prices (Trekamerica, 2010). Brochures such as travel locations, airlines, train passage, car rental companies, etc. would be obtained from the suppliers of these services and wholesale houses with whom IT would deal. On the request of customers, AIT will mail these brochures to them electronically. Also, other marketing mix activities such as direct mailing, printed advertising, pamphlets, etc. will be utilized as needed. Customers contact information can be retrieved if database is maintained by AIT (Howard S. Rowand). AIT need to establish strong relationships with the suppliers who provide travel related products and services. AIT will select two major airlines as its primary ticket providers. As per industry standard we can keep 10% margin on ticket sales. With the help of market research we have identified working relationships with many of the service providers globally. There is an opportunity to keep margins up to 25% in profits in the location; AIT has selected to start business. AIT will keep monitoring the quality of its offerings by taking the advantage of trade fairs, market publications, and other information that is related to travel industry (Travel trends, 2010). It would be better if AIT follows the recent trend of technology in client reservations i.e. Computerized Reservation System (CRS). The CRS will help us in identifying the customers need and in retrieving the required information in just few numbers of clicks. It will increase the speed and efficiency of communication with clients and suppliers. Also, CRS will help us in maintaining the customer database for future references. Excessive use of internet in searching information and communication would be needed (Travel industry wire, 2010). 3.6 Future Services When saturation point will reach then AIT may think to open offices in other locations and may look to participate in other segments of the travel industry. AIT will keep researching for further potential opportunities in market to expand business. The long-term goal of AIT is to achieve global position in providing top class adventure travel services at low costs. We will try to make profits by increasing the number of sales instead of increasing in prices. 4.0 Market Analysis Summary AIT plans to provide adventure travel services in all the greater parts such as California, Arizona, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan, Indiana, Missouri, Utah, Colorado, Washington, New Jersey, Maryland, Hawaii, and North Dakota. Adventure travel is one of the sub-categories of leisure travel and further divided into soft and hard adventure travel. Travel agencies in the U.S are generating more than $50 billion of revenue annually and out of which soft adventure travel is generating approximately $40-50 million and $12-15 million for hard adventure travel (tours to United States, 2009). 4.1 Survey Conducted AIT has conducted the market survey for its customers and it has observed the following (Survey money, 2010): Out of the group of 51 individuals Occupation 43 (84.3%) are students + working. 10 (19.6%) are only working 2.0% 1 others Age 22 (43.1%) are between 18 to 20 28 (54.9%) are between 21-34 of age 1 (2.0%) is above 34 Interested in Adventure trip AIT is surprised that due to stress in life, people are moving towards adventure trips to have some fun and relaxation in their life. 49 (98%) are interested in adventure trip 1 (2%) is not interested, and 1 did not decide yet. Annual income of families 22 (45.8%) have $50,000 of annual income 11 (22.9%) have $60,000 of annual income, and 15 (31.3%) have above $60,000 of annual income 3 skipped the question. 4.2 Market Segmentation AIT is targeting health conscious couples and individuals with average of $50,000 annual household incomes as customers. AIT will focus on people with the interest of adventure activities such as river rafting, mountain climbing and biking, skiing. The large percentage of men who were interested in taking adventure travel was between the ages of 18 to 35. But these days the number of women travelers is increasing rapidly. According to survey of women traveling together in 2008, women comprises of 49% of adventure trips. The average spending of men on adventure travels are more than women. AIT will also provide adventure packages to married couples aged between 25- 35 with children (Adventure women, 2010). 4.3 Target Market Segment Strategy The location of AIT would be in the pacific northwest of U.S because this region is rich in the natural beauty and provides outdoor activities to fitness oriented individuals. This area has people with more per capital income than any other part in the country those like to take part in such soft and hard adventure activities. These people will be the AITs target market. This area has many big companies and most of these companies organize such adventure trips for their employees as a group task and to increase group cohesion. 4.4 Market Trends One of the notable trends in the field of travel industry is Increased Deregulation. Deregulation is directly proportional to the need for differentiation of products and services that is if deregulation increases, the need for differentiation of products and services also increases and has resulted in decrease in the prices of airfare and other travel and tourism related services. Other trends include caps on commissions of travel agencies by many of the larger Airlines resulting increase in adventure travel and reducing profit margins. More than 147 million adult travelling populations (about 50% of adult population) of the United States have taken an adventure trip at least once in their lifetime and out of this figure 98 million have taken in the past years. Nearly 31 million of the adult population have engaged in hard adventure activities such as river rafting, mountain biking, and scuba diving and around 25 million population is engaged in both hard and soft adventure activiti es in which people have high interest and participate during their adventure vacations are camping (84%), hiking (75%), skiing (52%), scuba diving (31%), sailing (25%), river rafting (24%), and mountain biking (24%). These customers are young and affluent, aged between 18 to 34 and one fourth of them have $50,000 (Â £ 32,500) or more annual incomes (Adventure travel industry growth statistics, 2009). 4.5 Market Growth The travel industry has a high growth rate. Reasons behind this growth are healthy domestic and international economies and the devaluation of foreign currency in other areas which has made travel cheaper for United States residents. According to the Tourism satellite accounting (TSA) world travel and tourism has generated close to $ 8 trillion of revenue in year 2008 and expected to generate approximately $ 15 trillion over the next ten years. Due to the global economic downturn it has experienced a slowdown in growth (In 2008 it was 3% in comparison to 3.9% in 2007). By looking at the past experiences the long term forecasts believe that the growth for world travel and tourism between the period of 2009 and 2018 would be around 5% per year, supporting 289 million employment and approx 11% of total global GDP by 2018 (Ibid). 4.6 Market Needs Most of the customers are unsure about the location where they wish to go for adventure trip. So travel agencies should provide better knowledge about destinations to their customers. These days customers are price conscious and look for agencies with competitive price. Time is also one of the precious commodities. AIT would be the solution to save time and money and insure that customers are fully satisfied with their vacation. 4.7 Service Business Analysis Before 2000 travel and tourism industry in the U.S. was the countrys third largest retail industry and according to the department of commerce, it is now at number one. There is a 100% increase in the revenue generated from travel and tourism industry in the last decade. The U.S. travel agencies generate more than $100 billion of revenue each year. Travel industry is divided into two main categories 1. Business travel and 2.Leisure travel. Each of them contributes about 45% of the total revenue and remaining 5% of revenue comes from combined business and leisure trips. Travel market is than further divided into domestic into domestic and international travel. 70% of the revenue is generated by domestic travel. Business travel can be separated into medium to large business trips and small independent businessman trips. The classification of leisure travel Customers is based on the type of trip they take, budget, or age (Ibid). The four primary groups of customers under leisure travel are:- Adventure lovers, special-interest groups, honeymoon couples, and sightseeing trips. Rich travelers with high incomes. Budget conscious travelers, and Families with children, group of students and seniors. 4.8 Competition and Buying patterns At present there are number of adventurous activities and types of travel such as theme parks, motor home trips, less expensive self-planned trips and cruises that are available to people to choose from and contemplate an adventure vacation, have created huge competition in the travel industry. Also, many high income people like to invest money in other financial services instead in having vacation. There are many travel agencies that are creating direct competition by providing adventure travel packages. Lifestyle, age and income are three major factors that influence the decision of customer to travel and the type of travel to participate in. According to survey, on average an adventure traveler takes at least one of the adventure travel every 12-18 months (US Travel, 2009). 4.9 Main competitors Rollins and Hayes: They are based on the eastern costal area and are the most famous and respected travel agency in the world that provides adventure trips. Since last 20 years they are in travel business and providing adventure packages to their customers. They are very successful in travel business. This gives them total control over the entire vacation. Rollins and Hayes have the advantage of their established reputation, strategic alliance, and experience in providing high quality trips with economies of scale. The negative thing about them which could be an opportunity for my business is that their packages are expensive and appeal only to rich customers with high incomes. Sundance travels: It is a traditional travel agency based in Colorado and has been in the business for last 10 years. Slowly they have made the move towards adventure trips and are now well known for it. Their major strengths are reputation, past experiences, and financial solvency. And their major weaknesses are high personnel and management turnover and they are lacking behind in constructing better road map for future growth. Global Adventure: They started travel business in 1995 in the Los Angeles area and now successfully established and well-known as adventure travel specialists. The Los Angeles is a very competitive area because of its large number of tourist attractions and other travel agencies. Global has achieved good position through their highly skilled management and successful marketing communications (Ibid). 4.10 Distributing a Service The distribution channel in travel industry pattern is from supplier to agent and then to customer. A conference system can be used for distribution between agency and suppliers. Airline reporting corporation (ARC) and International airlines travel agents networks (IATAN) are the two conferences through which agency and air travel providers communicate. The primary work of the agency is to hold the fixed number of airline ticket vouchers from the airline reporting corporation and then responsible for storing and collecting the payments for the vouchers. To keep the prices down and to attract more customers, agencies are buying airline tickets in large quantities and selling them online (Microstrategy, 2010). 5.0 Strategy and Implementation Summary AIT has planned to adopt the following strategies to achieve the goal of becoming leader in the adventure travel business in the Pacific northwest of U.S. AIT would establish its reputation by providing differentiation of products and services to its clients. This could be possible through better Marketing Communication programs at AITs target market using various forms of media. By providing supreme services to the customers so that AIT can gain repeats Business and build trust. This can be done by providing superior services in all stages of the transaction. By promoting adventure travel as a healthy, exciting, and interesting activities and by publishing photos and testimonials of customers who participate in such activities in companys newsletter, website and other advertising Medias. 5.1 Competitive Edge Competitive edge of AIT is its dedication, interest in adventure travel, focus on building long term relationships and trust, and experienced staff. AIT will provide differentiated travel services to customers with the better utilization of Management experience, cost and commitment in maintaining quality service. 5.2 Marketing Strategy The basic goal of the AITs Business is to create and keep clients for future. The Marketing Strategy of AIT will reflect this goal in building its reputation in the Pacific North western area. Though AIT will operate in the travel industry but it will provide much more than just an adventure trip. It will provide adventure and freedom to enjoy it. Due to busy era most of the people spend 50 weeks of a year in their office only. AIT will encourage them about the challenge, excitement, ability to do, and importance of an athletic endeavor. AIT will try to promote the benefits of having an adventure travel and theses benefits may include body fitness, ear to ear grins, personality development, excitement, and lots more (travel agent success, 2010). 5.3 Promotion Strategy During the opening ceremony of AIT there will be a grand party and we will organize and sponsor many athletic related events such as 2km fun race, 5km marathon, mountain climbing and biking, etc. AIT will provide travel related packages to winners and other consolation prizes to participants. It will be easier for AIT to promote its services through interaction with people present on ceremony if all employees working with AIT would from the local athletic clubs background. During the opening ceremony and other fun events, AIT will give presentation on the services and trips it offers. AIT will negotiate with local health clubs and other promotional activities through these strategic alliances (saac, 2010). Specialty advertising association of California will serve marketing service to AIT because they are very famous and provide better advertising service at lower costs. AIT will also promote its services on local Radio stations. Orkut, Facebook, Twitter are also acting like an effec tive tool for promoting services online. AIT will create communities named as Adventure Travel Lovers on these social websites and will publish information about its travel offerings. Personal selling is also very effective promotional tool but AIT will keep it limited to safe cost on phone bills. According o IT facts, in California 96% of households have internet access, so AIT will focus more on online promotional activities. AIT also planes to station sales in major public places such as shopping malls (Ibid). 5.4 Distribution strategy AITs distribution strategy will focus on the direct selling in the area where it is possible to reach at minimum cost and for other areas World Wide Web will be use to establish distribution capability. This will increase the ability of AIT to establish a national reputation. 5.5 Marketing Programs AIT will use traditional marketing communication methods to reach its customers. Every month AIT will conduct surveys to know the taste of both soft and hard adventure lovers and their profiles such as where they live, where they work, what is their profession, etc. According to IT FACTS California, most of the travel customers purchase either over the internet or through travel agents and AIT will assist them in both ways: online and in-personal. The use of internet will provide a better and an effective methods of communication with clients and suppliers. In starting AIT will focus on primary customer group and this group is defined as the number of customers who have purchased an adventure package before and who are interested in buying it. In addition to Internet, AIT will follow all those marketing tools with which customers feel comfortable such as travel magazines, direct mail, in house meetings and personal selling. Initially, AIT will start operating in the local region than within 18 or more months of operation it will extend sales into other national and global markets. It will keep informing about its season, off season offers through newsletter every month (Ibid). 5.6 Positioning Statement Both individuals and corporate clients who are interested in having the adventure travel, AIT is a solution for it because it is a premier adventure travel agency that provides full package including transport, accommodation, sightseeing, consultation, and adventure activities. 5.7 Pricing Strategy AIT will decide its pricing according to the market standards. As per the current market standards (10% to 16%) it will maintain margins of 10% on all travel services (it facts, 2010) and will try to keep 20% margins on remaining products and services that will depend on the pricing of providers. It will keep the prices low (just minimum margin 10%) as compared to other travel agencies in the region to maintain a competitive pricing policy. AIT will try to make its reputation as the best travel service provider in the region and will charge the best for services (resources. net, 2010). 5.8 Sales Strategy The main aim of the AIT is to deliver the benefits of products and services that it offers and promotes. It sells the freedom of life to customers and there are numerous benefits of this freedom such as healthy and balanced lifestyle. AIT will keep reminding its old and new customers about the importance of having the adventure trip and will hold a tag line as There is more to life than building bigger barns. AIT will provide full assistance with adventure travel and its primary concern is to provide high standard services and to make customers satisfy instead of maximizing the profits without concerning customer satisfaction. If AIT follows this, it will reduce costs and gives profit in long run because maintaining a relationship and good will with customers is always less expensive than to develop a new one (Ibid). 5.9 Sales forecast The monthly sales forecast is projected in the table below. AIT expects that in the first quarter of operation there would be a less number of sales but it has been estimated that 3 years growth would be around 20%. 5.10 Strategic Alliances With purpose of promotion AIT will develop strategic alliances with California family fitness centre, spectrum athletic clubs, and many others according to need of the business. Alliances with providers of adventure travel in other US. States and abroad will also be established (California family fitness, 2010). 6.0 Action plan/Milestones 7.0Management Summary However, AIT will start as a small business organization and will hold sole proprietorship, so employees working with it would have to share their duties and responsibilities. There would be a general manager who will be responsible for decision making. It is necessary for all employees to be capable of accepting all types of responsibilities of the business. During hiring period of employees, applicants should meet the following requirements: They must have at least 3 years of experience in the travel industry and activities, AIT will promote. They must hold certification in certified travel counselor from a reputed institute for example Institute of certified travel agents (ICTA) (totaljobs.com, 2010). 7.1 Organizational structure In the beginning AIT will start its operation by hiring four full time positions and these positions are describes below. 8.0 Financial plan The financial plan for AIT is discussed in the following sections. During first 2 quarters of operation, AIT expects slow growth because it will be new to market and other seasonal factors. All the estimated costs are based on the current market standards. AIT has decided to keep sufficient cash to overcome the situation of negative cash flow, if required. There may some differences in the figure during setting up the company due to gross margins, but this will present a realistic financial plan (Travel financial help, 2010). Important Assumptions National growth will not affect the growth of travel industry for the next five years. The demand for adventure travel will keep growing. International situation for providers and suppliers of services would remain positive. All calculations are carried out in Dollar ($). 8.1 Key financial indicators AIT has developed a chart which is shown below and describes major financial indicators for the first 3 consecutive years of operation. The U.S. economy has recovered lot from recession that will support the positive growth in adventure travel business. 8.2 Break Even Analysis AIT has decided to keep 20% gross margins and accordingly break even analysis is carried out. The table below describes the BEA, including monthly sales BE points (Ibid). 8.3 Projected profit and loss AIT will try to improve its operation progress in the third quarter of the 1st year after establishing itself in the market. It will improve gross margins from 22% in 2nd year and 23% in 3rd year. The below graph shows estimated annual profit and loss details. 8.4 Projected cash flow Both monthly and yearly estimated cash flow is projected in the below graph. Yearly cash flow is calculated by taking 60 day collection period. AIT has considered positive cash flow during the mid of the first year of operation (Ibid). 8.5 Projected Balance sheet Estimated balance sheet is shown below. 8.6 Business ratios-Below are the AITs Business ratios, estimated based on Standard Industry Classification (SIC) index code 4724.- Appendix

UN Peacekeeping Essay -- International Politics, Conflicts

Even though, the UN charter does not mention the creation of a peacekeeping force, it has become a major instrument to deter violence and conflict since WWII. Particularly, after Cold War, international peacekeeping has climbed to the top of the agenda of the United Nations (UN) and many national governments (Druckman, et.al, 1997). As result, the UN peacekeeping currently operates in more than 60 disputed areas. Are these peacekeeping are effective in sustaining peace and stability? Or they are not? What are the scholars’ perspective on success and failure of peacekeeping? Did they agree or have divergent perspective? Peacekeeping operations can help to resolve conflict without bloodshed. But, scholars have competing perspective on the role of peacekeeping in resolve conflict. Scholars have also main differences in perspective of peacekeeping effectiveness. On the one hand, they see the contribution of peacekeeping to larger values such as world peace, justice, and the reduction of human suffering. On the other hand, they see limited or absence of contribution peacekeeping (Druckman, et.al 1997). Most observers see how peacekeeping has proven its value in stopping hostilities, maintaining cease-fires, restoring some degree of trust, and involvement of peacekeeping in sustaining peace significantly and substantially (Fisher, 1993; Doyle and Sambanis, 2000; Hartzell, Hoddie, and Rothchild,2001). The U.S. office of General Accounting (1999) also describes the success of the UN peacekeeping for the last fifty years. On the other hand opponents of peacekeeping point the dramatic failures of peacekeeping. Scholars such as (Fortan, 2005; Greig& Diehil, 2005) described little effect of the UN peacekeeping. Therefore, there is no ... ... of post Cold War. However, peacekeeping missions have become an increasingly well-used tool of international diplomacy and conflict resolution. ‘Globally, the deployment of military personnel in PKOs â€Å"surpassed record highs† in 2009, rising by about 9% over the year, with a total of more than 200,000 military, police and civilians in the field’ (CIC 2008, p.2). Again, the increasing choice to peacekeeping continued, with little understanding of its appropriate application and effectiveness. Scholars, however, disagree on the context of peacekeeping operation and how its impact should be evaluated (Druckman, et.al, 1997). In fact, it can be argued that the absence of what peacekeeping â€Å"missions can accomplish and determining the extent to which they have, in fact, achieved goals† (p.150) also created disparity among scholars about effectiveness of peacekeeping.

Islamic Extremists Essay

Nearly everyone has heard about Islam and the Arab world. In addition, many countries have already faced issues with the Muslim believers. Islam has caused problems, terrorist attacks, anti-democracy all over the world. They were also very successful in sending a message of who they truly are. People who are literally obedient to the Islamic faith are called Islamic Extremists. People, who are of the Islamic faith however desire to survive in peace without tribulations are not considered obedient or dutiful to the Islamic faith, these people are called moderate Muslims. Therefore, the Islamic religious extremists are the major group in Islam who follow the Qur’an word for word and create extreme violence that moderate Muslims do not. Islamic extremism started in Egypt in the late 1920s. During the inter-war years, the country was occupied by the British military. The Nationalist Wafd movement, led by Saad Zaghloul, opposed the presence of the British, as would anyone whose cou ntry is being occupied by a foreign military power. (A brief history of Islamic extremism) In 1928, Hassan al-Banna established the term â€Å"The Muslim Brotherhood† which was the first Islamist movement. The British government supported the nascent movement in an attempt to counterbalance the Nationalists. In modern Egyptian politics, the Muslim Brotherhood is the largest opposition party to Hosni Mubarak’s National Democratic Party. Mubarak has been in power since the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. The Muslim Brotherhood has always been illegal, and, over the years, thousands of its members have been imprisoned by the Egyptian government. (A brief history of Islamic extremism) The ideology of the early Brotherhood is very similar to that of Islamist groups today – they denounced the Egyptian government as secular and regarded Egyptian society in terms of â€Å"jahaliya† or a barbaric, pre-Islamic society not based on Islamic shari’a law. Sayyed Qutb, an Egyptian intellectual associated with the Muslim Brotherhood, wrote a book c alled Ma’alim fil Tariq (â€Å"Signposts on the Road†), which proved to be highly influential on the thinking of modern Islamists. Qutb wrote the book in 1964 while in prison; 2 years later he was executed by hanging. (A brief history of Islamic extremism) In the late 1970s, the CIA financed and trained the mujahideen (â€Å"Holy Warriors†) in order to fight a proxy war with the Soviet army, which had invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Training, funding and the provision of arms to the mujahideen was carried out covertly via Pakistan and Saudi Arabia; one of the so-called â€Å"Afghan Arabs† who was trained by the U.S. was a young man called Osama bin Laden. (A brief history of Islamic extremism) In the recent years, Bangladesh was suspected of becoming a haven and breeding ground for Islamic terrorist groups with links to Al-Qaida. Domestic Islamic extremist groups are said to funnel Al-Qaida money, arms, and fighters through the country. In March 1999, IOJ chairman Amini told a public meeting: â€Å"We are for Osama [bin Ladin], we are for the Taliban, and we will be in government in 2000 through an Islamic revolution.† (Zuckerbrot-Finkelstein, B.) Bangladeshi support for Osama bin Ladin and Al-Qaida rose following the September 11 attacks and the subsequent American assault on the Taliban in Afghanistan. The U.S. conveyed its displeasure with Dhaka’s failure to quell anti-American, pro-Osama bin Ladin rallies in the wake of the American attack on Afghanistan. In November 2001, IOJ’s Amini said: â€Å"Osama bin Ladin is loved by the Bangladeshi people. Everyone respects him and considers him to be a leader of Muslims.† (Zuckerbrot-Finkelstein, B.) The political characteristics of Islam are derived from the Qur’an, the Sunna (the sayings and living habits of Muhammad), Muslim history, and sometimes elements of political movements outside Islam. Out of the Muslim Brotherhood, recently derived a group called The Muslim Salafeyeen. The Salafeyeen act ridiculously much worse than the Muslim Brotherhood. They have the same mentality as the Muslim Brotherhood; however, they go even beyond the expectations of the Quran’s teachings. For example the Muslim Brotherhood has the word politics in their dictionary, which means they can have political relationships with the westerners but that is to use their help for their own good, such as Saudi Arabia. They also base and enforce the law of the Qur’an on the people. On the flipside, the Salafeyeen do not have the word politics in their dictionary and the way they communicate is through severe violence even on their own people. For example their rule goes as follows: thieves must have their hands cut off, a curser’s tongue must be cut off, an adulterous must be killed with the edge of the sword, and so on with all the sinners. Their judgments are pretty extreme. They currently have a small group in Egypt. There is no research found about them yet, however information has been spread through word of mouth and people’s experiences in the recent days in Egypt. The Salafeyeen have been around and they are very few still. It is not long until the cancer is spread everywhere. Numerous terrorist tribes have eventually been spread all over the world. The Muslim Brotherhood has created a private group in each country who follow their plan. Therefore, every so often, the nation receives news about occurring devastations they have caused. Since the Muslim Brotherhood considers violence is the only method to spread or impose their religion on many countries, they had specifically chosen the United States of America to perform their violence attacks. The United States is currently considered the most powerful country in the world. If they had specifically chosen the United States, their goal is then revealed. The Muslim Brotherhood’s ambition is to attain the power of the United States and rule it. If they conquer this power, they most likely conquered the world. It is not difficult for anyone to figure this exposition. The terrorist attack that occurred in September eleventh of two thousand and one was mainly the first attack the caught the world’ s awareness. Prior to that, the nation was familiar about Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood; however they did not have enough knowledge in regards of whom they truly are. Throughout the years, the Muslim Brotherhood has determined that terrorism would be the only method used to communicate with the world. They have successfully sent out messages about their goals, which are to limit the world in education, political views, democratic views, etc. For example, the Islamic beliefs strain a woman of her basic rights. A woman is not allowed to go to school for education. According to the Shahih Bukhari 1.6.301, Volume 1, Book 6, Number 301: Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri: Once Allah’s Apostle went out to the Musalla (to offer the prayer) o ‘Id-al-Adha or Al-Fitr prayer. Then he passed by the women and said, â€Å"O women! Give alms, as I have seen that the majority of the dwellers of Hell-fire were you (women).† They asked, â€Å"Why is it so, O Allah’s Apostle?† He repli ed, â€Å"I have not seen anyone more deficient in intelligence and religion than you. A cautious sensible man could be led astray by some of you.† The women asked, â€Å"O Allah’s Apostle! What is deficient in our intelligence and religion?† He said, â€Å"Is not the evidence of two women equal to the witness of one man?† They replied in the affirmative. He said, â€Å"This is the deficiency in her intelligence. Isn’t it true that a woman can neither pray nor fast during her menses?† The women replied in the affirmative. He said, â€Å"This is the deficiency in her religion.† Their mentality is very limited in arguments as well. Their beliefs are against freedom of speech, religion, expression, even the Internet because it allows arguments, knowledge, and education and mostly everything that has to do with the human rights. All of their arguments must go back to the Shari’a (law) of Islam, which prevents all these rights. The Shari’a of Islam calls for men to beat their wives. According to 004.034 YUSUFALI: Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has given the one more (strength) than the other, and because they support them from their means. Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient, and guard in (the husband’s) absence what Allah would have them guard. As to those women on whose part ye fear disloyalty and ill-conduct, admonish them (first), (Next), refuse to share their beds, (And last) beat them; but if they return to obedience, seek not against them Means (of annoyance). This type of mentality creates a violence animalistic society. People develop these violent skills through the enforcement of such laws which leads to terrorism. Imagine there is lack of education, freedom of arguments, speech, expression, religion, anti-democracy etc. how will anyone be able to learn, be fair, balanced in thoughts, unprejudiced or even survive in peace? It is certainly impractical. Therefore, to overcome the mentality of terrorism, the nation must understand what Islam and the Qur’an truly teaches Islamists. Some of the Qur’an’s teachings are mostly about the infidels (unbelievers) and how all of them will end up in Hell. According to the teachings of the Qur’an verses freely and blithely mentions: Do not take unbeli evers as friends; caution is necessary to befriend the unbelievers†¦3:28. It is not honourable to take unbelievers as friends†¦4:139. Do not take unbelievers as friends†¦4:144. Believers are not to take the Jews and Christians as friends and protectors; if any believer (i.e. Muslim) turns to them then he also becomes a Jew or a Christian†¦5:51. Real friends are God, His apostle (Muhammad) and the fellowship of pious and charitable believers†¦5:55. God’s wrath and torments is for befriending the unbelievers†¦5:80. Whoever seeks the friendship of evil people will be lead to the penalty of fire†¦22:3. Cannot be on terms of secret intimacy or be friendly with the enemies of faith †¦60:1. This is the very own words of Qur’an that Islamists follow. Some Islamists who live in the west will even criticize their folks for buying a tiny Christmas tree just for the little children or even for attending Christmas parties. They will even go a step further in declaring that the westerners must learn from them (the Muslim migrants) and not the other way around. At this time, since the Q ur’an never called for peace, it is understandable why those Islamists act the way they do. The supreme rage of the Islamists is reserved for the way the western women dress, work and lives. Many Muslim women are deviously forced to wear hijab just to demonstrate to the infidel women the superior chastity of Muslim women. Ten years ago, it was rare to find a hijabi woman in any streets of Europe or the U.S. The situation is quite different now. Any rail-station, shopping center, eating stall, college, university, etc., will regularly notice a hijabi woman standing nearby. Many Islamists openly declare that all Muslim women must cover themselves in (ugly) hijab and cloak no matter what others may think of them. This is because these Muslim women will become the shining examples or beacon of femininity, chastity, and Islamic beauty to the infidel women and they (the infidel women) will eventually follow the Muslim women and happily wear the Muslim garb. These Islamists are absolutely certain that these infidel women will one day, surely be covered by Islamic hijab. Why? Because, Allah has ordained it-one day the entire world will become an Ummah (Islamic community) of some sort. They have no doubt on this. At this point, it is understandable why Islamic extremists commit their terrorism attacks. Their goal is to spread and enforce Islam in the whole world. Research has proved through the very own words of Qur’an and Hadith, action has proved it through terrorism attacks of the infidels (unbelievers), and their day-to-day routine dressing up in the Muslim garb. Many will argue it is not a problem if their religion inquires their women to dress and look that way. They are partially right, only if their purpose is to dress that way and nothing more. However based on research, even modern Islamists are called Islamists because they believe in Islamic Shari’a and law. They have an idea of what Islam is about and if they still call themselves Muslims, they are considered under the same category of religion. They have partially the same thoughts; they may not be interested in murdering, however they will never take a westerner as a friend, unless the westerner becomes a Muslim. This type of thinking is not in any way beneficial for a modern society. In a modern society, it encourages one to look, act, and think in a certain way. This way is not to enforce negative thoughts, beliefs on anyone. It is to encourage education, positive thoughts, and the acting of professionalism with one another. The best method in reaching a solution for the world is to understand that Islam is now spread in many places. Islam has become a whole mentality that people follow not fairly a religion. Islam currently starts in early stages of humans’ lives. A child is raised up receiving hate and all types of negative thoughts, which later develops in his/her core. Therefore, terrorism is never ending; in fact it improves by the days. At this time, there is no way around to end terrorism, but there are ways to make it less occurring in the world. Educating people, and youth on how terrorism started, and how the world perceives it as a negative act will help them understand the concept of terrorism. Also through education, people will have the need to protect their country and defend it. No one is willing to live in a country that is controlled by terrorists. Neither will anyone be willing to limit their thoughts, expression, education, freedom of worship, or personal decisions. In conclusion, Islamic extremists have attempted to impose their religious beliefs on the world. This happens through their violent attacks almost in every western country. The only method to stop this violence is to allow people to understand the true meaning of Islam. This is to educate people about Islam and Muslim extremists in the early stages of life. It is also essential to help the nation learn how the modern Muslims differ from those extremists. Through education, a solution can come into view on how we can end these bloody violent tribes. Even if it takes time, months and years, it can still take a major affect on the long run. References Bas, N. J. (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA. BukhaÌ„riÌ„, M. i. (1981). Shahih Bukhari. Jakarta: Penerbit Widjaya. Darwish, N. (2006). Now they call me infidel: why I renounced jihad for America, Israel, and the War on Terror. New York, N.Y.: Sentinel. Jonas, G. (2007). Reflections on Islam: ideas, opinions, arguments. Toronto: Key Porter Books. Katel, P. (2010). Homegrown jihadists: can Muslim terrorists in the U.S. mount serious attacks?. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly. The Big Think Tank: A brief history of Islamic extremism. (2006, April 25). The Big Think Tank. Retrieved April 6, 2011, from http://thebigthinktank.blogspot.com/2006/04/brief-history-of-islamic-extremism.html Quran Shariff. (1978). S.l.: [s.n.]. Yuan, M. (2005). Women in Islam. Detroit: Greenhaven Press/Thomson-Gale. YouTube – 2 year old Muslim Girl answers Questions on Islam. (n.d.). YouTube – Broadcast Yourself. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Tfh2PnvTnY&feature=related Zuckerbrot-Finkelstein, B. (2007, January 10). Islamic Extremism and Terrorism in Bangladesh-American Jewish Committee. Home-American Jewish Committee. Retrieved April 7, 2011, from http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=3133321&ct=

Lab on Aspirin Tablets Essays

Lab on Aspirin Tablets Essays Lab on Aspirin Tablets Essay Lab on Aspirin Tablets Essay This lab was basically about finding the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in an aspirin tablet. First, the base was created, which was made out of 1. 00 g of NaOH and D-water. Then the buret was attached to the clamp on the ring stand and the base was poured into the buret. After that, one by one, an aspirin tablet was dropped into an Erlenmeyer flask filled with 50 mL of D-water so that it could become dissolved. After the tablet was completely dissolved, a few drops of phenol were added, and the base was added very slowly, changing the color of the mixture into a pink. The flask was to be swiveled around. This was done three times, trying to get the pink color to stay for at least two minutes. Materials: * D-water * Scale * Slop beaker * Erlenmeyer Flask x3 * Volumetric Flask * Ring Stand * Buret * Buret Clamp * Phenolphthalein * NaOH * Weighing boats * Aspirin Tablets x3 * Stirring Rod * Scoopula Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to find the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in n aspirin tablet. Theory/Intro: Aspirin possesses a number of properties that make it the most recommended drug pretty often. It is an analgesic, which means that it is very effective in pain relief. Being an anti-inflammatory agent, it is also provides some relief from the swelling associated with arthritis and minor injuries. It also reduces fever because it is an antipyretic compound. More than 40 million poun ds of aspirin are produced in the U. S. every year. This rate breaks down to about 300 tablets per year for every woman, man, and child. However, repeated use may cause gastrointestinal bleeding, and large doses can provoke a host of reactions including vomiting, diarrhea, vertigo, and hallucinations. The average dose is approximately 0. 3-1 g, but single doses of 10-30 g can be deadly. The most important compound in the synthesis of aspirin, salicylic acid, is prepared from phenol by a process discovered over 100 years ago by a German chemist Hermann Kolbe. Also known as acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin has a chemical formula of C9H8O4. Aspirin is sold over the counter and comes in many different forms. You can have white tablets to chewing gum and rectal suppositories. Also available are coated, chewable, buffered and extended release forms. Over the counter medicines like Alka-Seltzer Original Effervescent Antacid Pain Reliever, contains aspirin for pain relief. Aspirin belongs to a group of drugs called salicylates. Aspirin isn’t so easy on the stomach because it is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and provides quick and relatively long-lasting pain relief. Aspirin also reduces inflammation. Researchers believe these effects come about because aspirin blocks the production of pain-producing chemicals which are called prostaglandins. While it does relieve pain and reduce inflammation, it also lowers fever by acting on the part of the brain that regulates temperature. The brain then sends signals to the blood vessels to widen, which allow any heat to leave the body more effectively. Procedures: 1. Make 100 mL of 0. 20M NaOH solution. 2. Find mass of one tablet. 3. Dissolve tablet in flask using, 50mL of D-water. Use a stirring rod to assist in crushing and dissolving the tablet. There should be some powdery substances on the bottom of the flask, it’s the starches put in the tablets. 4. While one partner is dissolving the tablet the other one should be setting up the buret and stand. Place the clamp on the stand. Next wash the buret with a little D-water before placing the buret on the clamp. Next fill the buret with NaOH solution up to a place above the â€Å"O† marking on the buret. Open the buret, to allow some of the base to run into a slop beaker thus filling the tip. Make sure the level of the liquid is now below the zero mark. Record the reading after filling the tip. 5. Add several drops of the indicator, phenolphthalein, to the flask. 6. Slowly add the base while swirling the flask. Continue add base until a faint pink color stays in flask. Record the value from the buret. Add a few drops more and see if the color stays and changes. You do not want a dark purple color. Record the final value of base needed. 7. Repeat the process for two more tablets, for three in total. Refill the buret after each trial. Drawing Observations: 1. The aspirin tablets were white. 2. The aspirin tablets had a smooth texture. 3. The aspirin tablets were odorless. 4. The NaOH was a frosted white color. 5. The NaOH was odorless. 6. The base was a clear color; no powdery substances were left behind. . When the NaOH was put in D-water it dissolved thoroughly leaving nothing behind. 8. When the aspirin tablets were put in D-water they took a while to dissolve. 9. When the aspirin tablets were finally dissolved, powdery substances were left behind. 10. When the base was mixed with the dissolved aspirin tablets nothing happened. 11. When the drops of phenol were added, then the mixture turn ed pink. 12. At first, the base was added to quickly so it turned into a dark pink, almost purple. 13. After swiveling the mixture a few times it would lose its pink coloring and turn back into a clear color. 4. At the second try, the base turned into a medium pink color. 15. It stood pink for a longer period of time, approximately 1 minute. 16. The mixtures for all three trials were odorless. 17. At the last try, the base was a light pink color, and it stayed for two minutes. 18. When too much base was added to the phenol/ dissolved aspirin, the mixture would turn into a dark pink. 19. When the base was added in slowly, the pink color lasted a longer time. 20. The faster the base was added, the darker the mixture got, and the longer it took to return to its original clear color. Conclusion: One source of error could’ve been that the NaOH solution that was poured into the buret wasn’t at the zero mark. This could have affected the end results because if it wasn’t at the zero mark that means that we had more liquid then needed, so when the base was poured into the phenol/dissolved aspirin mixture the recordings weren’t accurate. That means that the calculations were thrown off because the wrong amount was used. Another source of error could’ve been that when the 1. 00 g of NaOH was measured it wasn’t exact. The scale is very sensitive and maybe breathing could’ve affected the outcome. This affects our results because now there isn’t as much NaOH as there should be in the base, which could cause a difference when the aspirin and phenol are mixed with base. The color could’ve maybe stayed for longer. The last source of error could’ve been that the base was poured in too quickly from the buret, causing the color change to be off.

Research Paper on Poor Organizational Communication

Research Paper on Poor Organizational Communication Example Research Paper on Poor Organizational Communication: Executive Summary Broadways Production Limited has failed over the five-years of its operations to compete with similar companies in the market. In the endeavor to identify the root of the problem, I conducted a study that narrowed down to the problem of communication between and amongst the company’s departments. Lack of a department of communication in the company has facilitated to poor and very little communication between and amongst departments, thus triggering division among the staff and consequent demoralization as well as poor production and distribution. Establishment of an effective structure of communication should play a very significant role in enhancing the company’s productivity as well as improved distribution, thus enabling the company to have an equal platform in competing with its competitors. With establishment of a department of communication with the necessary human and material resources, the company is able to enhance the day-to-day activities, thus creating a prosperous future for the company. Definition of the Problem Among the most central aspects of any organization is communication. Baker has observed that traditionally, managers spent majority of their time within organizations dealing with one aspect of communication or another. The success of any organization has much to do with the effective of its communication. However, in the contemporary society, the service workers of many organizations have exceeded production workers, thus communication has become more central to them than among the managers. The production process cannot be successful without effective collaboration between and amongst the various departments of an organization. Team work is central between and amongst diversified functional levels, and it can only be enhanced if an organization has an effective system of communication (Baker, 2002, p. 1). Moreover, the world is experiencing numerous changes in communication technologies, thus triggering a dire need for all organizations to update their system to enable them stand-o ut in the competitive global market. The greatest problem in Broadways Production Limited is poor communication in terms of quantity and quality of communication. As observed earlier on, communication is very central for the success of any organization, thus lack of it or having too minimal communication between departments Means that some departs are acting without sufficient information. Broadways is a bread manufacturing company, with about seven hundred employees, and based in Macau City in China. The company supplies bread to regions such as Hong Kong, Jinan, Jiulong, Lanzhou, Macau, Nanjing, Qingdao, Shenyang, and Shanghai among other cities and towns. The company has a number of departments, including management, transportation, distribution, human resource, storage and warehouse, and intellectual technology. Thus, the company lacks one of the most central departments of an organization, the communication department, which facilitated to very poor inter-departmental communication. Broadways Production Limited has three major problems, which have hindered the success of the company: Poor production, poor distribution and demoralized employees. These problems have their roots in the poor communication between and amongst the various departments of the organization. Lack of a communication department in the company has facilitated to inadequate communication, consequently poor production, poor distribution and demoralization of the organization’s staff. In any organization, there is a need of the right hand to be aware of what the left hand is doing. Often, the management of the organization makes decisions regarding the employees, without bothering to seek their opinions on the subject matter and only communicates through memos on notice boards or during the monthly briefings of the new rules and regulations. Moreover, a department can implement a policy and without making the necessary consultation with the other departmental head proceed to implementati on, thus triggering pronounced challenges for those departments. Lack of teamwork between departments has facilitated to company incurrence of numerous losses, and it seems the management has been doing very little to establish a cohesive communication system. Sometimes, departmental heads discusses issues with some other departments’ members without much involvement of the leaders of those departments, and proceeding to implementation without seeking the position of those heads; often, the leaders are just reported to of decisions already made with little or no provision of alterations. For example, the transportation department might require a driver to go for wheat in a certain region while the management might require the same driver to transport one of the managers into a certain meeting, thus triggering departmental conflicts, because the manager’s decision overrides the departmental decision. Personnel Interview To evaluate the intensity of communication problem in the organization, the researcher interviewed six employees from each of the company’s department and observed that indeed, the inter-departmental communication problem is more pronounced than it seems to appear on the surface. 1. From the communication department, their greatest challenge was plans which are made by the company’s management and for them they are just required to implement those plans. Such makes the department management very tricky because they are never sure when the management will override the plan and impose theirs. 2. Human resource department observed that sometimes a department can decide to fire an employee without submission of a clear report on what anomalies led to such a decision. 3. There is no very clear structure on how the company finances should be released: Sometimes, the CEO might decide to ask for certain amount of money for activities not related to the company, with minimal accounting for the money and without following the established protocols. 4. Not once has the storage and warehouse department received goods from production department without enough notice to prepare for space, thus causing mayhem when such deliveries are done. All the organization interviewees observed that the organization needs to establish a communication department and a clear structure on how to communicate with other departments, because the contemporary system has terribly failed the company. Proposed Solutions and Recommendations Chen (2008) has observed that â€Å"Excellent internal/employee communication is essential in any organization if it is to survive and thrive. As a management tool, it helps identify, establish, and maintain relationships between an organization’s management and its employees† (p. 167). The existing research has posted that having an effective employee communication facilitates to the building of satisfactory employee-organization relationship, consequently increasing public relations and communication functions values to the organization in question. Diversified studies have also identified a correlation between the employees’ rating of the communication of their managers and profitability of business unit (Grunig, et al., 2002; Gray, 2005, p. 15). Thus, the performance of any organization is associated with the effectiveness of the organization’s communication system. To facilitate effective inter-departmental communication, Broadways needs to start with the most basic aspect: Establish a department of communication. A department of communication in organization facilitates the entire company’s communication activities (Chen, 2008, p. 1-2). The department of communication should operate an established protocol on what needs first priority in when it comes to implementation of diversified activities from various departments. For example, if the drafters of the structure are to rule that the decision of the CEO needs a confirmation from the board members prior to implementation, then it should be clearly communicated to the departments and the channel to be followed in communicating any message. For example, before a departmental head decides to fire an employee, the issue should be communicated to the human resource department through the communication department to facilitate appropriate procedure of dealing with the employees. Equally important is to establish a system of giving feedbacks to all communication. For example, the transportation department should not just be required by the marketing department to transport goods, without involving the communication department. The department should be central to all the activities of the companies, thus day-to-day activities of the organization should be facilitated by this very significant department. The department shall seek clarity from departmental heads on any vague information that reaches the communication department prior to the implementation. Together with the communication department and the structure establishment, there is a need to provide effective training of the staff, departmental heads and the staff in communication department on how to have an effective communication within and without the organization. The company should also establish a top-down and a bottom-up structure of communication, thus ensuring effective sharing of information a nd ensuring enhanced productivity. Finally, the company should outline the contact points for diversified issues as advised by Rogier (2010, p. 1). Implementation of the Solution Preparing a communication system structure and a communication department are quite demanding tasks. With the current status of the company, there is a need to start from the scratch, overriding the prevalent system and laying down a totally new and more effective structure. The most significant resources that are required for this noble duty are human resources. The people who should be entrusted with preparation of a communication structure should be in possession of enough experience on the necessary components of an effective communication structure. Among the major aspects that they should consider include the sources of information, the channels to be used, the stages the information should go through, the transmitter of the message, the signals usable and the feedback channel. Equally important in preparation of communication channel is the approach to be used in noise management. Shannon’s communication process model could be of great assistance in implementation of th is communication improvement system. The figure 1 below gives a more vivid explanation of this. Source: Foulger (2004). Models of the Communication Process. Link: http://davis.foulger.info/research/unifiedModelOfCommunication.htm Establishment of department of communication is a relatively expensive endeavor, especially if an organization needs a very effective communication of linking with both the internal and external world. Beside the need of competent human resource, there are some tools that the company has to purchase such as telephones connected with various sectors of the organization with provisions of loud speakers, especially because of emergencies, strategically placed boards for placing of memos, internet-connected computer systems to facilitate communication through emails and a website for both internal and more of external communication. The company is able to communicate with the external world using the website, thus enhancing marketing strategies. Outsourcing might be important to have external agencies establish a more solid communication department and structure. Emergency alarms should also be established to warm the staff during possible emergences. The communication department of an o rganization should be hidden or far placed for security reasons: If an enemy was to attack, he should start with the communication department to hold captive of the entire company, thus it should be highly protected. Solution’s Implementation Benefits Hinds and Keisler (1995) have observed that sharing of information across boundaries enhances collaboration and consequently production of the company. When employees share information on what they are doing or what they are thinking to day, the other employees as well as the management tend to also release the information, which sometimes acts as a great resource to the departments in question. This implies that all the people are able to work as a team, which enhances productivity of a company by significant degree. Having a modern form of technology will not only facilitate to improvement of the quality of communication but also the effectiveness of communication process will be enhanced. This implies that various department shall be able to work as one unit and consequently lead to enhanced productivity. Teamwork, which is facilitated by enhanced communication, shall propel the company to a position of better performance, thus becoming more productive. Among the most important aspects of communication is enhancing interpersonal relations (Bartoo Sias, 2004). With an effective structure and system of communication, the employees and the leaders shall be able to interact at a more personal level and more extensively leading to unity and consequent team works, which are very significant in enhancing a conducive workplace environment. As observed earlier, Broadways employees are relatively demoralized because of the company’s failure to communicate and encourage them often.