Penalties for success: Reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks Essay

Women are subjected to gender-biased evaluations with their performance on male gender-typed tasks often devalued and their competence denied. This result from the inconsistency between stereotypic perceptions of what women is like and the qualities thought necessary to perform a typically male job. The main idea of this article is to demonstrate this phenomenon, to provide insight into why and under what conditions it is likely to occur, and to examine its consequences for how women are evaluated and rewarded in work settings. Key to their argument is the dual nature of gender stereotypes that not only denote differences in how women and men actually are but also denote norms about behaviours that are suitable for each about how women and men should be. Thus behaviours are positively valued for men and typically prohibited for women. Gender stereotypes and the self-fulfilling expectations that they produce prompt bias in evaluations of women. When a woman is acknowledged to have been successful at performing male gender-typed work, her motivation in achievement situations are inhibited by her fear of disapproval for not being feminine. Or there are penalties for women who violate gender-stereotypic prescriptions by being successful are apt to take the form of social censure and personally directed negativity. It states that success can be costly for women in terms of social approval. Competent women for example as compared with competent men have been depicted as cold and undesirable as fellow group and also as severely wanting interpersonally (e.g. bitter, selfish, devious). In their first study, they sought to demonstrate the reactions to women and men on a male gender-typed job when performance on that job was clearly successful rather than ambiguous with regard to performance outcome. They predicted 2 hypothesis:1)In a male gender-typed job, women will be rated as less competent and less achievement oriented than men when information about performance outcome is ambiguous but not when success is clear. 2)In a male gender-typed job, women will be rated as less likable and more interpersonally hostile than men when information about their success is  clear but not when the performance outcome is ambiguousThe result of this study supported those hypotheses. Women were viewed as less competent and characterized as less achievement oriented than men only when there was ambiguity about how successful they had been; when the womens success was made explicit there were no discernible differences in these characterizations. However, when success was made explicit, there was differentiation between women and men in how they were viewed interpersonally hostile. In the second study, the subjects reviewed and evaluated men and women who were all highly successful, but at jobs of different gender types. They expected the following:1)Successful women as compared with successful men will be rated as less likable and more interpersonally hostile when the job is male in gender type but not when it is female or neutral in gender type. The study provided strong support for the hypotheses. So negative reactions to successful women occurred only when the job was male in gender type, but not when it was female or neutral in gender type. Same negative ratings were directed at successful men occupying female gender-typed jobs. But the findings suggest that the failure to act in accordance with gender-stereotypic norms does not uniquely produce social disapproval for men, if it does not the same then for women. The study 3 was focus on the effect of being disliked on how individuals are evaluated and on the types of recommendations made about how they should be treated in work settings. The premise behind this study was that people who are disliked are at a serious disadvantage when evaluations are made and rewards distributed. 1)Information about likability will have a significant effect on overall evaluations and reward recommendations made about both male and female employees regardless of how competent they are. These results suggest that being disliked can have detrimental effects in work settings. The fact that an unlikable individual has a worthy of salary  increase or promotions was found to be true, regardless of whether the individual is a man or woman. There are many things that lead an individual to be disliked but it is only women, not men, for whom a unique propensity toward dislike is created by success in a nontraditional work situation. That is meaning that success can create an additional impediment to womens upward mobility when they have done all the right things to move ahead in their careers. General discussion on this experiment:Success in traditionally male domains can have deleterious consequences for women. They are less liked and more personally derogated as compared with equivalently successful menNegative feelings about successful women can have serious consequences: affect on evaluations, recommended organizational rewards, including salary and special job opportunitiesWomens success would prompt disapproval only in situations in which the success signalled deviation from behaviour deemed appropriate for them (penalties for success only when the job was a male gender-typed)In none of the three studies, female subjects react differently to the stimulus targets than did male subjectsFinally, success in nontraditional areas is double-edged for women. The price is social rejection taking the form of both dislike and personal derogation, and appears to have definite consequences for evaluation and recommendations about reward allocation. Terms like bitch, ice queen, iron maiden, and dragon lady are invoked to describe women who have successfully climbed the organizational ladder. That provide some insight into why despite their success, high-powered women often tend not to advance to the very top levels of organizations.

Business: Marketing and Subway

1. 0 ELEMENTS OF THE MARKETING MIX 1. 0. 1 PRODUCT Subway offered a menu with wide variety meal and better quality fresh product such as pasta, salad, desserts, soup, the chain's flagship sandwich which is the classic BMT, the 7 under 6 menu which featuring seven submarine sandwiches with 6 grams of fat or less, fresh veggies which already boasts lettuce, tomato, red onion and green peppers (Subway, 2012). Subway also brings in a line of new crab-controlled wraps in 2004 and the product itself has only 5grams Net Crabs.Moreover, in the year 2005, a new menu has been added to Subway’s menu that is a delicious fresh toasted sub and the menu still in consumer demand until now. 1. 0. 2 PRICING The potential element of marketing mix is the price of the company offered because it is direct impact on the company, consumer and economy as well. Subway uses a little higher of upscale pricing than normal subs in the market. Subway offers different pricing strategy with value pricing. But create value products by service in terms of quality. 1. 0. 3 PLACEThis is concerned with activities needed to move the product or service from the seller to the buyer (Lancaster & Reynolds, 2003). Subway use nontraditional places such as supermarkets, airports, convention centers and business center and also another new market development as their major selling location as a franchise. People who in any kind of Subway sales point are on hand to ensure customer’s demands are coordinated with the right product and to elucidate the distinct options are obtainable. Moreover, Subway does research for their market on the location preference and predatory franchises regarding customer satisfaction. . 0. 4 PROMOTION Advertising, public relations, personal selling and sales promotions are the four components of promotion. For Subway, to generate a Unique Advertising Proposition (UAP) is obligatory since the company is a part of saturated market. Subway also approach Unique Selling P reposition (USP) into their market strategy by selling subs under 6g of fat. By create a selling proposition that connected with the advertising message with the product, it will engender an advantage in competition. Moreover, it is the goal to create a one-of-the-kind advertising . 0 ELEMENTS OF THE MARKETING MIX 1. 0. 1 PRODUCT Subway offered a menu with wide variety meal and better quality fresh product such as pasta, salad, desserts, soup, the chain's flagship sandwich which is the classic BMT, the 7 under 6 menu which featuring seven submarine sandwiches with 6 grams of fat or less, fresh veggies which already boasts lettuce, tomato, red onion and green peppers (Subway, 2012). Subway also brings in a line of new crab-controlled wraps in 2004 and the product itself has only 5grams Net Crabs.Moreover, in the year 2005, a new menu has been added to Subway’s menu that is a delicious fresh toasted sub and the menu still in consumer demand until now. 1. 0. 2 PRICING The potent ial element of marketing mix is the price of the company offered because it is direct impact on the company, consumer and economy as well. Subway uses a little higher of upscale pricing than normal subs in the market. Subway offers different pricing strategy with value pricing. But create value products by service in terms of quality. 1. 0. 3 PLACEThis is concerned with activities needed to move the product or service from the seller to the buyer (Lancaster & Reynolds, 2003). Subway use nontraditional places such as supermarkets, airports, convention centers and business center and also another new market development as their major selling location as a franchise. People who in any kind of Subway sales point are on hand to ensure customer’s demands are coordinated with the right product and to elucidate the distinct options are obtainable. Moreover, Subway does research for their market on the location preference nd predatory franchises regarding customer satisfaction. 1. 0. 4 PROMOTION Advertising, public relations, personal selling and sales promotions are the four components of promotion. For Subway, to generate a Unique Advertising Proposition (UAP) is obligatory since the company is a part of saturated market. Subway also approach Unique Selling Preposition (USP) into their market strategy by selling subs under 6g of fat. By create a selling proposition that connected with the advertising message with the product, it will engender an advantage in competition.Moreover, it is the goal to create a one-of-the-kind advertising 1. 0 ELEMENTS OF THE MARKETING MIX 1. 0. 1 PRODUCT Subway offered a menu with wide variety meal and better quality fresh product such as pasta, salad, desserts, soup, the chain's flagship sandwich which is the classic BMT, the 7 under 6 menu which featuring seven submarine sandwiches with 6 grams of fat or less, fresh veggies which already boasts lettuce, tomato, red onion and green peppers (Subway, 2012). Subway also brings in a line of new crab-controlled wraps in 2004 and the product itself has only 5grams Net Crabs.Moreover, in the year 2005, a new menu has been added to Subway’s menu that is a delicious fresh toasted sub and the menu still in consumer demand until now. 1. 0. 2 PRICING The potential element of marketing mix is the price of the company offered because it is direct impact on the company, consumer and economy as well. Subway uses a little higher of upscale pricing than normal subs in the market. Subway offers different pricing strategy with value pricing. But create value products by service in terms of quality. 1. 0. 3 PLACEThis is concerned with activities needed to move the product or service from the seller to the buyer (Lancaster & Reynolds, 2003). Subway use nontraditional places such as supermarkets, airports, convention centers and business center and also another new market development as their major selling location as a franchise. People who in any kind of Subway sales poi nt are on hand to ensure customer’s demands are coordinated with the right product and to elucidate the distinct options are obtainable. Moreover, Subway does research for their market on the location preference and predatory franchises regarding customer satisfaction. . 0. 4 PROMOTION Advertising, public relations, personal selling and sales promotions are the four components of promotion. For Subway, to generate a Unique Advertising Proposition (UAP) is obligatory since the company is a part of saturated market. Subway also approach Unique Selling Preposition (USP) into their market strategy by selling subs under 6g of fat. By create a selling proposition that connected with the advertising message with the product, it will engender an advantage in competition. Moreover, it is the goal to create a one-of-the-kind advertising

Development of tourism in Scotland Essay

For a country to be a successful tourist destination, the normal impression that anybody has is that the country must be easy to access, with modern means of transport and good communication, unlike Scotland. A small country located on the periphery of Europe, Scotland is characteristic of tartans, highlands, mountains, castles and bagpipes etc, and for long, poor accessibility and transportation persisted in the country. Nevertheless, Scotland is among the most successful tourist destinations. Many have tried to bring about development of tourism in the country. The Scotts, in particular, were worried that the country’s inaccurate historic description might taint its image as a tourist destination. But little did they realize that in fact, portraying the country in modern perspective could cause considerable harm to its established image, which attracted a good number of visitors. [Butler, Richard. Tartan Mythology. 1998. p. 122. The traditional tourist image of Scotland. ] Besides the residents, the country saw noteworthy visitors, who contributed, directly or indirectly to its tourism development. The visitors can be distinguished into three groups—those from the field of military and administration, those involved in scientific studies and those who were engaged in works of music, art and literature. All these three groups had different approaches towards development in the country. The group involved in military and administrative activities was not directly related to the development initiative. However, their work involved a lot of traveling within the region. In their journals and writings, the group brought to light the difficulty in traveling in the region and the need for improving the transportation system there. Also, the scientific visitors wrote journals that described the physical features of Scotland and emphasized its historical heritage, which in turn, attracted more visitors. However, the group that comprised authors, and those involved in the works of art and music, was which made a significant impact on the development of Scotland’s tourism. Their approach was the most dominant and certainly the most effective. The works of renowned authors like Scott, Dickens, Wordsworth, just to name a few, described the country as a place with a romantic appeal. They gave vivid accounts of the scenery, the landscapes, the chivalry of the people and the military expeditions, which helped the country to establish a powerful image as a tourist destination. Not to forget one more group that did much to popularize the country—the absentee landlords and their friends. They engaged in sports like shooting and fishing that also made the country very popular and a coveted tourist destination. However, when more and more people started indulging in these sports, they were called off and Scotland remained a limited small tourist spot. [Butler, Richard. Tartan Mythology. 1998. p. 123-125. The traditional tourist image of Scotland. ] The development approaches resulted in improvement in many areas in the country like better communication and transportation facilities, better accommodation arrangements for tourists and the preserving of its natural heritage and culture, the established image of the country. The biggest strength of the development approach in Scotland is the realization that the tourists consider the natural heritage of the country as genuine and they are attracted to it because of its originality, unlike other places that are meretriciously ornamented. Only Development of tourism in Scotland 3 those who tried to fiddle with the traditional image of Scotland and try to portray it modernly reflect a weak approach towards its development. [Butler, Richard. Tartan Mythology. 1998. p. 132-135. The traditional tourist image of Scotland. Yes, the rising participation in adventure activities like skiing and wearing the highland dress, along with the popularity of golf rising significantly, reflect acknowledging of policies to sustain its image. If I were to manage its development, I too would go in for preserving its natural heritage so that visitors could get a real taste of the place. After all, tourists do come to have a bite of the place they visit and their nothing like getting a real taste of it! Reference citations Chapter 7: Butler, Richard: Tartan Mythology. 1998. The traditional tourist image of Scotland, p122-139.

Problems with instrumental variables estimation when the correlation Essay

Problems with instrumental variables estimation when the correlation between the instruments and the endogenous explanatory variable is weak - Essay Example To be able to understand the dynamics of a problem it is important to begin with determining the number of variables involved and the relationship between each variable and the problem. It is also important to understand how the involved variables affect each other or one another. The attempt of various researchers to understand the existing relationship has been unsuccessful under non-experimental scenery (Bound, Jaeger & Baker 443). The reason for the failure is the fact that some of the variables are endogenous. In other words, the variables are subject to the same factors that influence the research problem. The endogeniety trait of variables makes the ordinary least square biased and inconsistent therefore, making the research conclusion unreliable. Fortunately, there is a method of reducing the influence of variable endogeneity on research outcome has been determined. The method involves the use of an instrumental variable estimation. However, the method also experiences some problems. First, insufficient explanation of the variation of the endogenous explanatory variables. This could increase the error standard thus invalidates the research outcome. Secondly, the approximated limited samples are biased in the same magnitude as OLS when the coefficient of determination, (R2), between the instrument and the variables diminishes (Bound, Jaeger & Baker 443) To conclude, the problems with instrumental variable estimation are insufficient explanation in the deviation of the endogenous variables and the biases of finite samples when the R2 between the instrument and the variables decreases to zero. Bound, John, David A. Jaeger and Regina M. Baker. â€Å"Problems with Instrumental Variables Estimation when the Correlation between the Instruments and the Endogenous.† Journal of The American Statistical Association 90.430 (1995): 443.

Functions of GCC Central Bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Functions of GCC Central Bank - Essay Example The novel set of commercial subtleties will bring significant demographic and economic changes within individual member countries. It is because of this that the merger seeks to inaugurate a fledging monetary union. The management and operational structure will have to accommodate the system of Islamic banking in its structure (Sturm Michael, 2005). The Central Bank of the Gulf Cooperation Council shares critical financial management essentials. The difference comes in the scope of autonomy, the depth of economic power of the member states and the unique geopolitical facts of the Gulf region. The comparison is made against the already established European Central Bank. Some of the objectives include the elimination of foreign exchange risks, expanding the nature of global financial bargaining power, stabilizing the currencies of the member unions and generally assuring the economic power of the nations involved. Challenges are bound to arise, including the fluctuation of the international oil prices that is the economic backbone of most Gulf States. There also are many wars and instability in the region and religious in-fighting even within Islam, the single dominant religion in the region. The Gulf Cooperation Council embraces the nations within the Arab Persian Gulf, leaving out Iraq. The member states include Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The suggestion to establish the confederation was inspired by Saudi Arabia. It then was initiated in Abu Dhabi on May 25th 1981 after which it was legitimately actualized on November 11th 1981 in Abu Dhabi. The members saw it necessary to form a mutual currency and establish a Common Bank. The hint of the Gulf Central bank was agreed on 5th of May 2009 at the advice-giving gathering held in Riyadh. It was unanimously agreed that Riyadh, Saudi Arabia would play host to the fresh bank. The proposed bank has however never materialized. Autonomous

Gospel of Mark Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gospel of Mark Paper - Essay Example rk was seen as a â€Å"translator or interpreter† of Peter – according to a statement made by a church father called Papias – with many commentators trying to identify his work with what â€Å"could only have come from Peter† (Court, 1990, p.47). On the other hand, as Drane points out, there are â€Å"remarkable similarities† between the first three gospels, aka the synoptic gospels, namely Matthew, Mark and Luke, which contain almost identical accounts of the teachings of Jesus; this comes to mean that they either derived their material from a common source or two of them are based on the third (2001, p. 1-2). Court writes that there has been â€Å"an explosion of a different kind of scholarly interest† in the Gospel of Mark during the second half of the twentieth century, with a different emphasis on what the writer – referred to as â€Å"Mark† – himself intended, presenting the materials he had collected in a particular way (1990, p. 47). Moreover, a close examination of the three synoptic gospels indicates that both Matthew and Luke used Mark’s gospel as the basis, â€Å"into which they fitted the extra material† they deemed it necessary (Drane, 2001, p.3). However, scholars widely agree that the Gospel of Mark is the â€Å"nearest thing† to a report of Jesus’s life, aiming to communicate a â€Å"picture of Jesus as he was† (Drane, 2001, p.6); while the complex themes Mark treats about the person of Jesus, along with the most pervasive and problematic feature – the theme of mystery and the hidden identity of Christ – actually denote a theological approach in the understanding of Christ (Court, 1990, p.48-49; Moloney, 2002, p.6). Although Mark’s gospel tells the facts of Jesus’s life, as stated by Drane, â€Å"in the simplest and most dramatic way†, it begins with the declaration of faith (2001, pp.6-7): â€Å"The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ (the Son of God)† (Mark 1:1 New American Bible). Moving rapidly from John the Baptist to Jesus

Application of ERP within a particular sector or type of organisation Essay

Application of ERP within a particular sector or type of organisation - Essay Example It goes a long into maintaining the businesses production and competitive edge while most businesses are struggling to produce. In this paper, various case studies on the applications of ERP will be discussed. It is proposed that more should be considered in the implementation process; careful transition management, bureaucracy, network organization and most importantly culture readiness. Management should prepare the employees so that the transition is smooth and successful. Data collected was secondary. Lessons on how ERP helped curb organizational problems is discussed and explained in depth. Recommendations and possible solutions are provided too (Al-Mudimigh 2001). ERP systems usually organize a company’s resource accordingly in order to render them profitable, efficient and productive. This study focuses on the stages that should be applied in instilling the appropriate strategies in most organizations for the purpose of implementing Enterprise Resource Planning. In organizations where this strategy is embraced, enormous and distinguished performance is perceived. If this is the case, it denotes that inevitable and dramatic failures have being too vivid due to the strongholds resistances for the change. It is a common issue when making any implementation of the operation of a company or any organization, resistance happens to be a barrier from the working mate amongst other barriers. These impediments may at-most end up sabotaging the change that was intended and counteract innovation and creativity. Employee’s environment plays a critical role in gauging the level of productivity for any firm it being profit oriented or non-pro fit oriented. This study cultivates on the challenges encountered with implementation of ERP and the prospective approaches for dealing with them (Strauss 2000). Service companies as well are in demand of the use of ERP services in their day to day operations (Davenport

Movie analyzing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Movie analyzing - Essay Example As such, the business grows quite fast gaining popularity and customer loyalty from the major suppliers in the region. The movie allows viewers to have a comprehension of the setting and everyday encounters of leading a gangster life that generally revolves around criminal activities. Additionally, the movie gives a reflection of the relationship between the police and criminals. It is evident from the story that a successful gangster life is heavily dependent on minimal interactions with law enforcers. As such, Lucas leads a seemingly quiet and private life ensuring minimal interactions with the police despite his successes in both the drug business and purchase of nightclubs. For example, Lucas makes sure to dress in a moderate way that portrays his strength while simultaneously reducing attention levels from law enforcers. This is a typical gangster life scenario where the leaders are seen few times leaving much of the work to their appointed representatives to avoid detection. However, the story does not only concentrate on criminal activities but also touches on the Lucas’s other life such as family. This makes the story more realistic and associable with real life while simultaneously making it interesting. Conversely, the movie also gives a reflection of the police life in a creative yet realistic way thereby striking a balance. The lead detective, Roberts, is given the task of apprehending the major drug traffickers in the city after the death of his partner. Although at first Lucas is unknown to the detective, he attracts attention during a fighting event due to his conspicuous dressing and sitting position prompting Roberts to embark on a mission to investigate him. Within the same period Lucas’ business encounters some challenges from Dominic, a mafia boss, and some corrupt detectives who demand to be given a cut from

The affect of in circle group on turnover intention in Saudi Arabia Research Proposal - 1

The affect of in circle group on turnover intention in Saudi Arabia Business - Research Proposal Example The private sector therefore needs to evolve effective mechanisms of reducing high turnover of Saudi nationals by exploiting the various perspectives of guanxi, the Chinese relationship-building phenomenon within the LMX approach. Globalization has significantly changed the dynamics of social structure and provided businesses with socio-cultural diversity that is indeed diverse in its application of ideas, ideologies and competencies across people coming from different race, culture, color and nationality. As such the role of HRM is crucial in creating a diverse workforce whose competencies are judiciously exploited for increasing organizational productivity (Gillham, Wood & Somerville, 2007). In the transforming societal norms, the managerial leadership has emerged as vital issue that significantly influences the employees’ turnover and performance. As such, investigating the role of leadership in predicting employees’ behavior and workplace commitment becomes an important issue for studying its impact on employees’ turnover (Gilly et al., 2009). The research would therefore investigate the impact of in-circle group on employees’ turnover using guanxi as independent variable in LM X approach within the industries/ business of the private sector in Saudi Arabia. In the current environment of highly volatile market conditions and rapid globalization, the organizational change is unavoidable and necessitates changes in the organizational structure, policies and operations (Kotter & Schlesinger, 2008; Hodgson, 2009). The workforce becomes critical ingredient in the organizational change processes as they are the key facilitators for implementing these changes for higher performance outcome (George & Jones, 2005). The on-going relationship between the managerial leadership and the workforce becomes the major stimulant of mutual exchange that encourages workers to adopt changes to meet new challenges (Lee, 2008). Consequently, the role

Book Review on Home by Marilynne Robinson Essay Example for Free

Book Review on Home by Marilynne Robinson Essay Lost and alone, will Glory and Jack find themselves? Will they know what family truly means? Perhaps, all they simply need is one another and their father. Glory had been grief-stricken, being left by the man she trusted, leaving her with nothing but to return to the old house in Iowa, where her frail dad lives alone. There she was, feeling neglected and worthless while, along with her father, awaits the surprising return of her long lost brother, Jack. A man with a troubled past and in an uncertain state, Jack comes home looking distressed but grateful. He was different among his siblings ever since, enjoying the thrill of creating troubles but deep inside, he is a good and caring person. Unfortunately, guilt has eaten him. Remorse caused by the wrong decisions he had made towards his dear ones and the unwillingness to forgive himself. While the two are battling their own wars, their father is trying to make amends with them because he, too, is feeling like a failure as a dad, especially to Jack. He was not a perfect father but he tried to be, wanting what was best for his children. The return of Jack has turned the three lives around and also Ames and his family’s. It has opened the eyes and heart of each one, addressing to their many concerns and problems, internally and within the family. Jack and Glory had both found a confidant in each other, helping cure their personal pains little by little. The simple gestures and conversations they had had built a growing bond between brother and sister. The love and care shown to each other and their dad had compensated the past sorrows they had experienced. These have made Jack and Glory whole again, being the person they once were or hoped to be. After everything the Boughtons have gone through, all the troubles and heartaches, they were finally able to feel what happiness is through the realization that the family is the most important thing in one’s life because here, there is unconditional love and trust. Family is where they have found themselves, a place where they can truly call home. Analysis Nothing can compare to a family’s love for one another. Home is a novel about family. Robert Boughton had constant questions and worries about his children. He always seemed tired because of the sadness and guilt he feels for thinking he was a failure as a father. He has troubled children, showing that one raised in a Christian home has no certainty that he/she will lead a Christian life. It still depends on one’s own choice and apparently, Jack has not made the right ones. He has finally come home, but was almost unrecognizable and distant. He felt undeserving and surprised for being treated so well, though have caused much trouble, because he led a hard life while away. Jack is a good person, as mentioned by Ames who is evidently most irritated at him, knowing he has committed many mistakes and trying to become a better person. He struggles everyday with his dilemmas, feeling like a disgrace to the family, and wanting to be at peace but can’t seem to find it. Slowly, with his family’s help, he began to heal and change, but not wholly up until the end. Jack left, as suggested by his caring brother Teddy, for the sake of their ailing father. He did not want to cause anymore trouble and see his father suffer, but he did agree to come home if he needs help, realizing that families are forever. Both Teddy and Glory will be there. â€Å"But the soul finds its own home if it even has a home at all† Glory, like Jack, is lost, alone and bitter. She carries on life with a heavy heart, as she takes care of her ailing father and a problematic brother. Feeling hopeless, she seeks attention and fortunately, her two brothers show it to her. She understands Jack, but not completely because of his secretive character and he, too, understood her, her feelings and battles. As the story progresses, there was a growing bond between brother and sister, whether it was taking care of their father or sharing thoughts and opinions, though avoiding to bring up the pressing issues amongst them. Nevertheless, they became better individuals because of each other. The Lord truly is wonderful! The story was ordered chronologically, with the occasional recalling of the past. It started with the return of Glory and Jack until his leaving. It is equally about Glory’s and Jack’s internal conflict. The story revolves around overcoming the misfortunes each has encountered, due to appalling decisions, through the understanding and care of family. Another internal conflict was the minister, feeling like a failure as a dad. With these being the main plots, the subplots would be the relationship of Jack and Ames, together with his family, and the coming home of Teddy. The external problem was the coming home of Jack and Glory. He seemed distracted, causing worry to his sister and father and she, left unmarried, cheated, and alone. The narration of the story is character-based since the plot unfolds through the opinions and decisions made by the characters, not from having this setting to the next. No doubt that the story reflects religion, the uncertainty that everyone feels about it because there, as mentioned by Ames, is no absolute knowledge on what it really is. The stories among the characters parallel some characters and stories in the Bible such as David, Lazarus and The Prodigal Son. The plot evolved from the slight change in emotions. Glory began to feel needed and responsible in making her brother feel better and her father well, while Jack felt being part of the family. He saw and realized that his family would accept him for who he is and would try to do everything to make him feel welcome. In the outside, the plot was about the coming home and duties of both Glory and Jack, visiting of Ames and Teddy, and the parting of Jack. There were a lot of themes in the story such as guilt, loneliness, resentment and religion, but the main theme was the importance of the relationship among family members. It can help make everything much better, though slowly but surely. The theme is based from the belief of Robinson and I, definitely, agree with her. Family is the basic unit of society and is the foundation of every individual. The relationship among members should be strong in order for all of them to be stable and complete as each individual. Personal Application/Impression Home was a hard read. Though an avid reader, the book was more complicated and confusing compared to the fiction novels I normally read. The words have so much meaning and the plots were not written in a sequence, leaving me puzzled. I soon began to understand the context of the story and the meaning of those sentences that seemed too long after reading more. Marilynne Robinson writes Home in a reminiscing manner and with thorough explanations of the actions done by the characters. I have never read a novel as defined as this, enabling me to imagine the exact happenings in the story. Home has touched me, making me appreciate my family even more. I can feel the characters’ experiences when it comes to family, their effort to become closer and trying to offer help. It takes me from keeping my own problems to sharing it with my family because I now truly realize that they would accept me for who I am and help me with my troubles. The characters acted the way people actually do in real life and the settings were a possibility. Home truly is a beautiful and moving book, showing the importance of family. However; I did not enjoy the writing as much, though the storyline and intention of the author was wonderful. It was written with much effort, but a little too dragging and confusing. Maybe it was confusing because partly, I did not get to read the first book, Gilead, but the plots did jump from one to the other. Note that it is a must to read Gilead first for better understanding and appreciation of Home. The developing of the story was slow and some do enjoy that type of writing but I don’t so, it was a little dragging. It was hard to turn to the next page if the ending of a page is not as interesting. Robinson built a sturdy plot but bores some readers like me. It did not have action in every page but again, it is interesting for those who love to imagine being the character himself. A well-written novel, but no work of fiction is perfect for everybody.

McDonalds Change Management Case Study

McDonalds Change Management Case Study In this report I will analyze the handling of a significant change that occurred in McDonalds few years back, how the management and other employees reacted to this change, how the resistance was handled, what were the major factors that led this change happen and to what extent the change was successful in achieving companys objectives. It is very important for organizations to prepare themselves for the changes that they may have to face in order to compete with the latest development that is happening within and outside their environment. However these changes can bring many improvements and progress to that organization in certain aspects. For example it may be helpful for making the work easier; it can open ways for future innovations and can also help to generally improve peoples life. Colin Carnall (2002) The primary purpose of my report is to provide insights about the change management process in McDonalds that occurred recently and evaluate the outcome of implementing it. Moreover to highlight any resistance associated with it and how it was overcome by the management. SECTION 1 1.1 A Little about McDonalds McDonalds started its operations in 1954. As everybody is now familiar with the clown character which is Ronald McDonald, that has been designed as the trademark for the company. McDonalds restaurants offer a uniform menu to a large extent, including hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken sandwiches, French fries, salads, milk shakes, desserts and ice cream sundaes. The companys top sellers are the Big Mac, Quarter Pounder with cheese, the Fillet-o-Fish and Chicken McNuggets. The customer target of McDonalds is usually children and young people. 1.2 Brief description of the recent change occurred in McDonalds Though McDonalds has a reputable brand image and a memorable history of previous achievements, yet management at McDonalds started feeling that the growing population has developed different nutritional attitude and behaviours as they are extremely different from the population of the previous decades. They felt a severe need to redefine the image of McDonalds and repositioning the brand in the minds of customers as people today are more concerned with their health and figures than ever before. Since last few years peoples perception about McDonalds food has changed considerably, as they feel that it provides greasy food which is very high in fats and more expensive than its competitors, whereas the competitors have already made measures to reduce fats in their products and also provide less expensive meals. Moreover McDonalds had to face a considerable loss few years back as the consumers began to switch to its competitors, such as Burger King, Subway and KFC for the reason that the y offer fresher and high quality food at comparatively lower price with faster service. In order to keep gaining the market share and retaining its customers McDonalds had to respond to the changing behaviour of consumers. Furthermore, noticing that the obesity issue in the UK is getting serious and complex, McDonalds received a big challenge to implement certain changes the soonest possible time. Understanding the changing behaviour of its consumers and the health-conscious factor prevailing in the market, Management finally decided to implement a new integrated marketing communication plan as part of their marketing strategy that mainly involved innovations in their advertising and promotional campaigns focussing on changing the customers perception for McDonalds food quality. 1.3 Main Objectives in making this change The main objectives of McDonalds for adapting to the changing demand of its customers were: Implementation of Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) plan as part of their marketing strategy. Providing a balanced diet and an active lifestyle Operating with freedom to adapt practices to local markets, and to share best practices internationally between restaurants, markets and countries, while holding on to a common brand identity Innovation in advertising and promotional campaigns To be the customers favourite place and way to eat Effectively tackling the obesity Adopting a new health-conscious brand image Meeting the latest trend of health awareness and the growing concern in obesity among the children and target market Introducing a new, separate low-fat menu for children Changing the public image of McDonalds Maintaining the traditional efficiency of fast food restaurant and provide comfortable environment to customers. 2.1 Main Drivers of the change Like most big companies, McDonalds engages with a variety of different stakeholders in the countries where it operates, as well as monitoring all pending political initiatives. McDonalds is a large multinational business with many stores on high streets and in shopping centres across the country. As such, the company is affected by the external factors that impact all retail business in UK. The main drivers of this change are described as under: Environmental Shifts Changing social needs and market demands of customers Increased awareness in people about health and food consumption and safety Emerging diet programs that encourages public to be figure conscious Growing concern in obesity among target market Latest trends of health awareness Technological Changes Innovation by the competitors Developments in technology Economic trends and developments Market Competition consumer confidence local environment competitive pressure 2.2 Explaining the need for change using appropriate framework Above are the main derivers that created a need for changing the brand image of McDonalds over the last few years. Below I will explain in detail using models and frameworks as to how these drivers created the need for this change which took place. 2.2.1 PESTEL ANALYSIS In this section, I will explain the all the factors (drivers) of this change with the use of the Pestel Analysis that comprises of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors that combine to be the main reason for bringing a change in an organisation. (P)olitical factors McDonalds just like other organizations follow certain rules and regulations imposed by the government. For that reason they need to obey all the policies in order to achieve their organizational goals. The UK government is very particular about health and safety of its people and have set some standards to be met by every food chain in order to keep the business running so McDonalds had to bring this change of repositioning itself in its consumers minds so as to give them a positive image of their food quality and price. (E)conomic factors Due to the heavy slump in the economy, people have become much more price sensitive than ever before. Every single penny counts a lot now. Therefore they want to spend for the quality food that matches their demand, in other words they want return of every single penny they pay and that return includes the quality and satisfaction. These changing economic trends actually affected the profitability in terms of value for money and highly created a need for McDonalds to adapt itself to the changing market demand and standards. (S)ocial factors Social factors include the changing lifestyle of people which has made them more health conscious and safety sensitive. In case of food chain, demographics play an important role to affect the market conditions. Therefore, the age group which is the main target market for McDonalds is between 10-50yrs that includes children and young people who are truly becoming more aware of diet planning day by day due to the increased information available to them through various research planners and diet programs that encourage them to be figure conscious. This changing style of target market was a big challenge for McDonalds to keep itself running successfully that could only be achieved by adapting itself to the environmental change and delivering what customer actually demands from them. (T)echnological factors Advancement in technology has too much affected the mindset of people. As the technology evolves so does the human behaviour. With the use of internet and information technology, people have become more aware and active. They have got a quick access to all types of information, be it diet planning or education or environment or safety or any other issue. Developments in technology highly demands from businesses to evolve themselves as and when required by their consumers and same was the case with McDonalds. (E)nvironmental Environment is a very vital part of every business. McDonalds faces a tough competition by its competitors including Subway, KFC and Burger King. Realizing that its competitors are evolving their business according to the changing lifestyle of customers, McDonalds was forced to take prompt decision in order to beat the competition and staying ahead of it. (L)egal Legal factors involved the safety regulations as set by the government for all food chains. These regulations are actually set keeping in mind the customers needs and are also monitored and improved on regular basis as per the changing lifestyle of consumers. Consumer protection is another factor that McDonalds is expected to consider while doing business as part of the legal bindings. SECTION 3 3.1 Evaluating the process of change management by McDonalds In this section I am going to evaluate the effectiveness of the process of change management by McDonalds. Their main aim was to change the mindset of the consumers and creating positive perception and image of McDonalds in their minds. Here I will use ADKAR model of change management to analyze the effectiveness of the process adopted by the management of McDonalds to bring this change in place. This model comprises of five key goals including awareness, desire, knowledge, ability and reinforcement. Below is the in depth analysis of the change management process of McDonalds. 3.1.1 ADKAR MODEL OF CHANGE MANAGEMENT Awareness Awareness helps the company to realise and feel the need for bringing certain change that is why it is considered as a basic tool for innovation. In this case, when management felt that their sales started going down they tried to look for the reasons and found that the living style and needs of their target market has evolved. They realised that people have become too much health conscious, which is why they started to consider the fast food as unhealthy and greasy food. This gave them the awareness about the lifestyle of their target market and their changing demands. Desire Desire relates to the strength of McDonalds to participate and support the change. It is quite understood that every organization wants to excel in the market by making huge profits and customer satisfaction so does McDonalds. With the economic development there has been a great change in peoples living standard as they have become more concerned about their health issues. Realizing this, the management at McDonalds responded to the changing demands of its customers in a very supportive way, and was successful to handle the resistance by other staff members. Knowledge It was important for McDonalds to have knowledge of how to change itself in order to match with the changing market demand. Once it was aware of the changing behaviour of the target market and was ready to adopt a change, management focused on what they needed to do in order to retain and satisfy the customers in the long run. The external factors including the competitors strengths and the changing consumers behaviour gave McDonalds, knowledge of what exactly to be done to make it stable and running. Ability McDonalds ability to implement the change can be analyzed by evaluating its goal and objectives. McDonalds goal was to implement Integrated marketing Campaign to adopt a new health-conscious image in the minds of customers. It focussed heavily on the advertising and promotional campaign of the company. The company decided to introduce a new low fat menu for children that would help them to overcome the growing bad publicity about McDonalds food for being rich in fat and to manage the obesity issue among children. Realizing the importance of consumers health, McDonalds introduced McKids Meals having both nutritional value and no fat thus making it different from the traditional McDonalds meals. Moreover the innovation in their Integrated Marketing Communication provided an effective advertising and public relations campaign to successfully introduce the new McDonalds to the public. Moreover they introduced McChicken Premiere and a zesty chicken to satisfy customers desire for good quality products at affordable prices. To keep the children, it also started to give more choices with Happy Meal including no-sugar-add fruit drink that is a low fat drink and also McDonalds coffee which appeals to adult. Furthermore McDonalds have responded in time to the changing healthy trend by adding salads and other lighter options in their menu. As children are one of the biggest consumers groups to McDonalds, therefore they paid considerable attention to them. They tried to provide a huge variety for children including the happy land with happy meals with toys. They believe that if they make themselves best suited for children, they can attract the whole family too. Finally the foundation for all above innovations was the Integrated Marketing Communication through the use of attractive advertising and promotional activities which could promote these new products in the market and made people aware of these innovations. These promotions were the basic tool for creating a positive perception in consumers minds for McDonalds and gaining their trust back. Therefore McDonalds created its new image in the market by the use of new advertisements and new theme I love it even more!. Reinforcement It was not enough to bring the change or adapt to the changing environment but it highly demanded from McDonalds to retain the change in the long run. That is why reinforcement of practicing and retaining that change played a vital role as post implementation of that change. McDonalds is quite successful to reinforce its employees to continuously practice retain their changed positive image in consumers minds. This was successfully done through positive encouragement and other rewards for the employees. 3.2 Resistance occurred in implementing this change Different people react differently to a change in the organisation. However it is important to accept this reality that resistance is always there in any form which may be there before, during or after the implementation of the change. McDonalds had to face certain conflicts and resistances in the process of bringing this change. This resistance came both from customers and McDonalds employees. Some of the employees were in favour of implementing Integrated Marketing Communication whereas some were against it and same was the case of customers as some of them opposed the change whereas others liked it. Overall the company faced following main conflicts/resistance: Different assessments of the situation Some managers and employees opposed it because they had a fear of the company being going into a loss if this implementation would not help to produce a positive result. They were confused that this change may make the problem more complicated and could make bad impression of McDonalds in customers minds instead of improving it. Moreover they were quite uncertain about the capability of the team that was dedicated by McDonalds to bring the required IMC (Integrated Marketing Communication) in place. They were thinking that the team may not be able to produce an effective quality due to lack of knowledge. Lack of communication and inadequate information The other resistance was related to the technological facilities being used by the McDonalds team. As employees thought that the systems that were used by the McDonalds team to implement IMC campaign might be downgraded due to the rapid advancement in the field of IT these days. Therefore they were very unsure whether the customers would have a positive reaction to their new campaign or not, which could result in not achieving the core objective of the change for McDonald as a whole. Low tolerance of change Another conflict among the managers was related to the experience of the team that was organized to help sustain the implementation of the changes. Some of the managers had a view that McDonalds may face a shortage of qualified workforce to keep up the capability of the marketing communication approach. Cultural differences among employees Another issue was the cultural differences among the staff that created some inner conflicts. Due to this the team may not function with proper co-ordination thus making the implementation of change be more complicated. Unwillingness to take risk Another resistance came from the staff was due to unwillingness to take risk. They were quite doubtful about the reaction of customers after the implementation of this change. Psychological resistance involved with new working challenge Management and employees were also resistant due to pressure of working with a new challenge and new environment. 3.3 How McDonalds managed the Resistance to change It was really a crucial phase for McDonalds to implement these changes and overcoming the resistance by employees and customers. Management knew that their plan would only be successful if they would be able to handle this resistance successfully as they knew that achieving their organisational goals entirely depends upon the way any resistance to it is managed. They had to obtain the strong support in sustaining the success as bringing the change is something that has to be a continuous process that needs equally important post implementation attention as well. However comprehending the whole scenario, McDonalds tried its best to overcome the resistance by adopting following techniques: Involving everyone in the process of change For McDonalds, the most important point to start with solving the resistance was to involve everyone in the change process so that everybody should undergo some learning experiences in order to understand and appreciate the objectives of that change. Management provided them complete information to let them understand the objectives in making this change so that they must realize and appreciate the importance of doing this and also let the employees feel that they are important in making this change successful. This helped McDonalds in gaining the support from the staff and overcoming their resistance. Face-to-face interaction to gain trust of employees The management created an environment where they can have face-to-face interaction with all employees to develop strong interpersonal relationships and trust. Providing enough time to employees It was important for the management to let employees understand the changing environment and required changes to be made accordingly. For that employees need to have tacit knowledge which comes from observation and experience so management tried to provide space to employees to learn from their experience and observe the surroundings. Providing updated technology to facilitate knowledge management As the management was responsible to implement this change so they decided to deteriorate all the negative responses related to the technology, by providing the customers, employees and staff their respective demands. For that they provided the staff with the technology that could last much longer. Moreover they facilitated them with systems that guaranteed long lasting functions in order to assure them that the technology they will be using is quite compatible with the latest development in the world of IT. Education and Communication Managers tried to educate and inform people about the change effort so as to why it was needed and the expected outcome of that change which would be for the betterment of the company and employees as well. This helped the employees to realize the logic in the change effort. It also reduced any doubts in their minds about the negative effects of the change. Training and follow-up programs for the team involved As far as the conflict was raised regarding the deficiency of the talented team that was designed to work for the marketing communication, McDonalds decided to conduct special follow-up programs for the staff that was involved in the said changes, which would enable them to receive proper training and development required to implement the required changes. Developing a thriving organizational culture To overcome the inner conflict that was raised due to differences in culture, the management of McDonald developed a thriving organizational culture and a stronger organization by proper management of the staff, providing them what they actually deserved in order to motivate them. They highly focussed on the proper handling of elements such as organizational design, compensation programs for employees, performance management and career path in order to motivate employees and create interest in them to word dedicatedly for the company and support them bringing this change. Furthermore, the human capital management of the McDonalds also incorporated a process to ensure equality among employees to make them feel an important part of the organization irrespective of their cultural differences. This helped them gaining employees loyalty and hard that not only helped the employees but also the organization. Overall McDonalds management was quite successful in handling the resistance and conflicts raised by employees and customers and they all participated and supported the implementation and helped McDonalds gain its positive image back. SECTION 4 4.1 Assessing the effectiveness of the Change in meeting its Objectives It was very important for McDonalds to handle the conflicts and resistance carefully because it is something which leads to the success or failure of the change for being properly handled or by being neglected otherwise. Therefore management of McDonalds understood the importance of handling the resistance properly in order to make the change occur successfully. However McDonalds was quite successful in implementing the change effectively and was able to meet its following objectives: Shifting the attitude of children Shifting the attitude of children about healthy fast food meals was not easy but through proper marketing communications and campaigns strong encouraging characteristics, management was quite successful in doing it. As parents are the one who are responsible for eating patterns of their children so McDonalds aim was to encourage parents about their new healthier food plans for children and let them enjoy McDonalds more than ever before. Positive Image Building McDonalds new image successfully created a place in minds of people as they could see the new advertisements of McDonalds at all types of media which let them associate with the brand in a more positive way than ever before. Through the new advertisements and new theme of I love it even more! McDonalds was successful in encouraging parents to let their children eat healthy meals. This helped them to achieve its main objective of positive image building. Creating a safe environment Moreover the management was able to implement the change effectively by creating a safe environment for change that encouraged all employees to support and stay committed to the organizational efforts in bringing the change to meet its overall objectives. This helped them to overcome all the conflicts raised by employees and customers, before and during the implementation of these changes. Gaining organizational strength and competitiveness This change also helped McDonalds to enhance its overall organizational strength and competitiveness by gaining customer loyalty back and positive image building of the brand. People started associating themselves again with McDonalds and started encouraging their children to eat McDonalds which was the core element for bringing this change. Expand the business portfolio Moreover it also encouraged the management to strengthen and expand its business portfolio and survive to the tough competition in the market. By gaining its customers back, McDonalds started to earn more market share as compared to its competitors which led them to enter new market with same brand and expand the business to be childrens most favourite place to eat and entertain themselves. 4.2 Assessing the need for any further changes As people are getting very particular about their health so it is necessary for McDonalds to retain its good image in minds of customers and to maintain its food quality and standard along with the prices. They may need to focus on producing low fat products and should think of entertaining children in a lot more other ways as well just like the play section they already have. They need to keep a proper check on the services of its competitors so as to manage it accordingly. McDonalds must try to maintain its services in order to cope up with the changing social needs and market requirements. Furthermore management at McDonalds should be able to carefully plan such innovation and they must use effective strategic tools to implement such change in future as well, this would help them to achieve its vision of a food industry that provides a health-conscious sub-image which is consistent with the latest trend in health awareness today and for the future. Moreover the management leaders at McDonalds should always try to monitor what is working and not working in the process of the organization change in order to implement the change effectively. Such changes will help McDonalds to enhance its competitiveness and strength. Whenever the management observes the need of any further change, then that is the only time, they must impose required changes to be done in order to save the company to undergo any downturn again. It is recommended that McDonalds must see to it that any further changes are well planned and implemented carefully, because these will be the basis for the success or failure of the organization. McDonalds must continuously review, update and improve its products according to the changing environment in order to ensure and enhance its competitiveness.

Career Path: Who am I? Essay -- Psychology

Finding a career that overlaps personal and professional concerns is the focus of most career counseling. O*net (2000) has created two assessment tools that help individuals navigate this difficult impasse. This paper focuses on my individual results, reactions and conclusions regarding these two assessments. Career Instrument Results Built around Holland’s Theory of Types and Person-Environment Interactions, the Interest Profiler (IP) and Work Locator (WL) instruments are self-administered, self-scored surveys designed to reveal an individual’s personality type and work values in order to match themselves with a career that will allow the appropriate expression of both. According to the results of these instruments I am categorized as Artistic-Achievement. My secondary interests are Social and Investigative. My secondary work value was revealed as both Relationships and Support. My current job zone is four and my future job zone is five. Niles & Bowlsbey (2009) gives an account of Holland’s personality types. According to this description, artistic types â€Å"prefer ambiguous, free, unsystematized activities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 64). They tend to gain knowledge in language, art, music, drama and writing and have less tendency toward clerical or business related topics. Some words associated with this type that I feel apply to me include: complicated, imaginative, disorderly, intuitive, nonconforming, expressive, idealistic and original. There are a few that I don’t think I adhere to: introspective, impractical, and impulsive. I will admit that this assessment could be due, at least in part, to a lack of personal insight. It’s interesting to note that my secondary interest areas are Social and Investigative; the two personality pat... ...demic pursuits and the many hats I wear as a mom give me room to express my creativity and build relationships that have great impact on the entire community. I look forward to the future and what God has in store for my life. I believe that He alone has called me to this profession. He alone created me to fulfill His purpose and bring about His kingdom. Works Cited Niles, S. G. & Harris-Bowlsbey, J. (2009). Career development interventions in the 21st century. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. U. S. Department of Labor (2000). Interest profiler. Retrieved April 2, 2012 from http://online.onetcenter.org. U. S. Department of Labor (2000). Work importance locator. Retrieved April 2, 2012 from http://online.onetcenter.org. Whiston, S. C. (2009). Principles and applications of assessment in counseling. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

The Hunger Games Trilogy Essay -- The Hunger Games Essays

â€Å"Happy Hunger Games! And may the odds be ever in your favor.†, a very well known quote from the book series The Hunger Games (The Hunger Games, Pg 19). The Hunger Games Trilogy written by Suzeanne Collins has become enormously popular. The Hunger Games, Catching Fire, and Mockingjay are the three works that make up the series. A major motion picture was released titled The Hunger Games, after the first book in the series, and it instantly became a box office hit. Those who have not read the books may be left wondering why a book series focused on kids ages 12-18 are put into an arena and fight to the death is creating such a commotion. Not only are the books popular among adolescents, many adults have also found the series captivating as well. With books so focused on violence, there must be an underlying factor that draws readers in and makes them feel so passionately about the characters in these books. In all three books, but particularly in the first, Suzeanne Colli ns captivates readers by creating such vivid and emotional relationships between the characters. Suspense is created by the anticipation of not knowing what will happen between the characters. A strong bond between sisters, a broken mother-daughter relationship, and a love triangle are some of the main relationships built and focused upon throughout the book that draw readers in. The main character Katniss Everdeen has a very strong and powerful relationship with her younger sister, Prim. When their father died in a mining accident and their mother slipped into depression, Katniss took responsibility for Prim and became her main source of protection and stability. It is very apparent from the very beginning of the book that Katniss is extremely protective of Pri... ...ident Snow; newcomer Amanda Stenberg as Katniss' young ally, Rue; or the various other young tributes who die one by one, gives their all to this captivating commentary on government, entertainment, and self-identity. The Hunger Games is violent, but in a heartbreaking way that will both make audiences think and count the days until Catching Fire is in theaters (Hunger Games Tops Average April). Works Cited Collins, Suzanne. Catching Fire. New York: Scholastic, 2009. Print. Collins, Suzanne. Mockingjay. New York: Scholastic, 2010. Print. Collins, Suzanne. The Hunger Games. New York: Scholastic, 2008. Print. "The Hunger Games." Commonsensemedia.org. Web. 04 May 2012. . "'Hunger Games' Tops Average April." Boxofficemojo.com. Web. 04 May 2012. .

America Should take the Lead in Stopping Global Warming Essay -- Climat

Because of the apparent melting of the polar ice caps, scientists have begun to admonish the industrialized nations that they must take extreme measures to stop global warming. America should take the lead in stopping global warming. There is much controversy among scientists as to whether or not global warming is actually happening. With all the evidence that has been collected, one can conclude that the Earth is showing signs of climate change. The Earth’s average temperature has climbed about one point four degrees Fahrenheit since the year 1880 (â€Å"Global Warming Fast Facts† 2007). The last two decades have been some of the hottest in four hundred years. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that eleven out of the past twelve years have been the warmest since 1850 (â€Å"Global Warming Fast Facts† 2007). ("Data @ NASA GISS: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis† 2010) Figure 1-1 shows the increasing temperature. As one can see the rate at which the global temperature is increasing is staggering. This chart only shows the changes in temperature for only twenty years, one must think what the chart for 2000 till present day must look like. Global warming could possibly be one of the most devastating events that our Earth has seen. The climate changes are destroying some very precious ecosystems that do not adapt well to change. The coral reef is one example. The change in the water temperature is causing the coral to become bleached and die off (Markey 2006). â€Å"Bleaching† is the reaction that the coral has to the changing water temperatures. When the water changes, the coral secretes its food making algae, making it die. In 1998, the El Nino weather pattern brought the most spread of bleached coral. â€Å"16%... ...exhibitgcc/>. National Geographic news team. "Global Warming Fast Facts." Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News. National Geographic, 1996. Web. 07 Jan. 2010. /2004/12/1206_041206_global_warming.html "National Hurricane Center." National Hurricane Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2010. . Pew Center. "Global Warming Facts and Figures | Pew Center on Global Climate Change: The Pew Center on Global Climate Change." Homepage | Pew Center on Global Climate Change: The Pew Center on Global Climate Change. Web. 08 Jan. 2010. . Team #C006156. "Global Warming - How Harmful Is It ?." Oracle ThinkQuest Library . N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2010. .

1984 Essay Essay

The main protagonist in fictional books or films is often labeled as a hero. In 1984 by George Orwell, the plot follows a man named Winston who is trying to rebel against the totalitarian government called Ingsoc. Ingsoc, also known as the Party, defeats Winston and because he is defeated he does not remain a hero in the reader’s eyes. Winston’s lack of cunning, lack of courage, and lack of effort to defeat the Party shows that he does not fit the description of a hero. Winston is not a hero, but some might argue that he displays heroic characteristics. One might consider Winston a hero because he is brave enough to oppose the Party and rebel. However, Winston is not brave. Instead he is merely angry because he has knowledge of what Ingsoc’s motives are and how the Party manipulates its citizens. If more people realizes the truth about the Party, they would likely rise up and rebel against the party like any reasonable person would. If Winston is truly brave, he would risk his life and fight the Party head on. Also, Winston opposes the Party and rebels, but his acts of rebellion have minimal effect on the Party. Winston may occasionally show signs of a hero but ultimately never lives up to it. Winston does not have the cunning edge that most heroes possess. He is often careless in covering his tracks and takes many foolish risks. For example, in part two, Winston skips an event at the Community Centre. Orwell explains how Winston is skipping his second evening at the Community Centre, which is an audacious act and Orwell also notes that his attendance will be monitored (94). Julia on the other hand, attends as many community events as she can and her performances during the Two-Minutes Hate are convincing so that the Party does not suspect her of committing thought-crime. If Winston were to be hero, he would need the cunning edge like Julia to outsmart the Party. Winston is also easily fooled because he trusts Mr. Charrington and O’Brien without question. When Winston first meets Mr. Charrington and later rents the room above the antique shop, he never suspects Mr. Charrington as being potentially dangerous because he seems like a nice old man trying to make money to make ends meet. After renting the room Winston never examines the room thoroughly because he foolishly takes Mr. Charrington’s word that the room is free of surveillance devices. Additionally, Winston absolutely trusts O’Brien and reveals everything to him even though he is not sure whether O’Brien is friend of foe. In contrast to Winston, heroic characters from other books and films are more cautious. Winston is a coward because he has many fears. In part two, Winston spots Julia while wandering around in the proletarian area and he immediately walks away in fear for his life because he believes that Julia is part of the Thought Police (Orwell, 115). He even considers killing her but instead, hurries home to safety. Heroes in today’s society such as police officers never flee from danger. Instead, they confront danger to protect citizens. Furthermore, Winston is selfish because he betrays his family and Julia. On the other hand, heroes will act for the well being of others and not for themselves. For example, firefighters will risk their lives to rescue people. Winston also has a fear of rats which the Party uses to break him. Heroes can have weaknesses but most eventually conquer them. An example is Terry Fox who was determined to fight cancer even though it was holding him back. Heroes are different from ordinary people because they can overcome their weaknesses and they are always determined to succeed. Winston’s lack of effort is another reason why he is not considered a hero. In part one, he writes down his thoughts on Ingsoc in his diary, but it is no use because he is keeping his thoughts to himself. Without Julia, he might have never opposed the party. Moreover, he believes that loving Julia is the ultimate act of rebellion, but it does not affect the Party significantly. He only rebels by loving Julia because he is sexually frustrated. In addition, Winston does not possess the leadership skills to start a rebellion. In the book The Mockingjay, Katniss leads the charge in the rebellion against the Capitol, because she passionately despises the oppressive government. In 1984, Winston has the passionate hate for Ingsoc but is unable to use it against the Party. Not only is Winston unable to spark a rebellion, he also has an idea of how overthrowing the Party might be accomplished: â€Å"If there is hope, it lies in the proles† (80). If Winston is truly a hero, he should be able to inflict more damage to the Party. It is evident that he is not much of a hero in the reader’s perspective because of his carelessness, cowardice and effortlessness. 1984 lacks a spectacular and heroic protagonist who is able to defeat the Party, and this is what Orwell intends. Winston weeps with joy because he finally loves Big Brother and the end of the book disappoints and even enrages readers. This will move readers to take action and prevent Oceania from becoming a reality.

Richard Nixon’s Pardon Rhetorical Analysis

President Gerald Ford’s Pardon of Richard Nixon Former President of the United States, Gerald R. Ford gave a speech pardoning his predecessor, former President Richard Nixon, of all offenses against the United States that he may have committed during his presidency. The announcement was made live on September 8, 1974. The speech was written to persuade the country to agree with the pardoning of Nixon and forgive him for the crimes he had committed against his country.Ford states that â€Å"Theirs (Nixon’s Family) is an American tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must. † President Ford argued that the pardoning of Richard Nixon isn’t only for Nixon and his family’s fate but for the country’s well-being. Throughout Ford’s speech he makes evident the use of Logos, Ethos and Pathos appeals. He uses the appea ls evenly, convincing his audience while still being well-supported and reasonable.Ford opens up his speech with many reasons why he, as the President and as a person, should be trusted, and that he thinks that what he is doing is the right thing to do in the situation. He proceeds to admit that his job is a difficult one and that he has made mistakes in the past. Doing so helps him bond with his audience and let them know that he, too, is a person, just like them; and they can count on him, also known as the ethos appeal. He states â€Å"My customary policy is to try and get all the facts and consider the opinions of my countrymen and to take council with my most valued friends.But these seldom agree, and in the end, the decision is mine. † This statement subtly creates the idea that the decision he had to make was a hard one, and it ultimately came down to Ford having to take the responsibility. He proceeds to tell his country all of the options that he had, as if to make t hem feel like they were a part of the process; â€Å"To procrastinate, to agonize, and to wait for a more favorable turn of events that may never come†¦ † President Ford then makes himself seem very credible by promising to uphold the constitution, to do what God has asked him, and to do â€Å"the very best for America. In making himself credible, Ford establishes trust with his audience therefor making his argument easier to agree with. When he establishes his credibility, he moves to the pathos appeal to introduce his thesis. He plays to the audience’s emotions by referring to Nixon’s situation as â€Å"an American tragedy in which we have all played a part†¦ someone must write the end to it. † Thus making the audience feel bad for Nixon and his family, making his audience feel like they are at fault for their â€Å"tragedy. He makes his thesis statement in a powerful way, saying â€Å"I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must. † Imperceptibly making the audience thankful for taking away their burden and making things right, so they don’t have to. He again uses the listeners’ emotions and morals to support his opinion in order to create empathy for Nixon by referring to how the allegations have â€Å"threatened his health† and that he is now â€Å"trying to reshape his life. † He also makes it obvious that Nixon spent most of his life â€Å"in the service of this country,† making Nixon a hero, not a criminal.This statement also institutes reliability for Nixon, correspondingly benefiting Ford’s argument. He continues to get sympathy from his audience by conveying that the situation they were dealing with was uncharted territory and they didn’t know how to resolve it. â€Å"There are no historic or legal precedents to which I can turn in this matter, none that precisely fit the circumstances of a private citizen who has resigned the Presidency of the United States. † By saying this, he lets the audience know that the circumstances are fairly new, and he is the first to resolve them.This makes the audience feel more sympathetic for Gerald Ford and by admitting his faults; the listeners would feel like they can trust him more. The President goes on to say â€Å"But it is common knowledge that serious allegations and accusations hang like a sword over our former President’s head†¦ † After Ford had established sympathy for himself, he makes this statement to show the audience that Nixon is also dealing with guilt and regret for what he did to his country.By referring to Richard Nixon as â€Å"former President† it brings attention to the fact that Nixon was once a President of The United States, and that he should be respected and possibly even forgiven; because he was once in charge of the country and was once trusted by the entire country. Gerald Ford uses  the logic of his reasons, and the effectiveness of its supporting evidence to convey why it is so important that he pardons Nixon now, rather than let the Supreme Court deal with the matter.He announces, â€Å"†¦many months and perhaps more years will have to pass before Richard Nixon could obtain a fair trial by jury in any jurisdiction of the United States under governing decisions of the Supreme Court. † He uses the Supreme Court, the highest of all courts, to support his claim that pardoning Nixon was the best decision; and he does this by affirming that the Supreme Court would take too long and if they couldn’t make a decision, no other court in the United States would be able to make a decision. Making it palpable that he is the best option and nothing else would suffice.Later in the speech President Ford also brings forward the idea that, if the process of fair trial were to be brought out, the wait would only open old wounds and the people would â€Å"only be polarized in their own opini ons. † This statement was said to make the listeners feel as if their negative opinions, if any, of Richard Nixon were strong and unnecessary. It also makes the audience know that Gerald Ford is watching out for them and he realizes they are hurt, and doesn’t want the situation to continue to hurt him. By saying these things, the people’s feelings of trust and faith in the president are confirmed. I deeply believe in equal justice for all Americans, whatever their station or former station. † After possibly differing with the audience in the previous statement, Ford uses this to restore his credibility with the people and prepare them for more facts and reasons why he formed his opinion. Gerald Ford influences the audience again by using emotion to guilt-trip them into feeling sorrow for Nixon by saying â€Å"†¦ it is not the ultimate fate of Richard Nixon that most concerns me, though surely it deeply troubles every decent and every compassionate per son. Saying that a decent and compassionate person should care about what happens to Nixon makes the audience feel like they, too, should care about his fate. And doing so would restore the need for them to feel that they are a compassionate and decent human being. â€Å"In this, I dare do not depend upon my personal sympathy as a long-time friend of the former President, nor my professional judgment as a lawyer, and I do not. † This statement tells the audience that he sees both sides of the argument.Because of his background, as a lawyer and as a friend of former President Nixon, he is forced to see the logical side and the emotional side. Therefore, it seems as if the decision President Ford has to make is going to be made in a thoughtful and well-rounded way. â€Å"As President, my primary concern must always be the greatest good of all the people of the United States who servant I am. † Saying that he is a servant to his country seems as if he is saying that the d ecision isn’t only his, and he is trying to do what is best for his country, and what his country would think is best in the situation.The statement implies that he wouldn’t do any harm to his country and if he is an honorable man, like he has already convinced the audience, then he should be trusted with this decision also. President Gerald Ford proceeds to talk about how his conscience is telling him to make this choice and that it is his duty, as President of the United States, to â€Å"firmly shut and seal this book. † This statement made the audience feel like the pardoning of Richard Nixon is an honorable thing, and that Gerald Ford is brave to do it.It also implies, by bringing up his conscience, that he listens to his inner thoughts and always tries to do the right thing; and this is something he does regularly. By doing this he once again makes the audience see that he is a credible and honest man. Gerald Ford felt that â€Å"†¦Richard Nixon and h is loved ones have suffered enough†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The use of the phrase â€Å"loved ones† instead of the word â€Å"family† makes a strong connection with the audience and makes Nixon look more vulnerable and innocent. Ford then takes advantage of the warmth towards Nixon and says â€Å"we, as a great and good nation, can come together and make his goal of peace come true. The reflection of the people as a â€Å"great and good nation† brings the audience together and brings forth the idea that â€Å"we are all in this together†, making Ford’s opinion seem like it was the entire audience’s, too. Also, pointing out that Nixon had a goal of â€Å"peace† makes him, again, look like a very respectable man, which reflects well on President Ford. Gerald Ford uses the right amount of emotions, facts and credibility to endorse his opinion, and he does it very well without fault. He plays on the audiences emotions through making them sympatheti c for Nixon by pointing out his losses.Ford uses the facts of Richard Nixon’s trial to make his decision more reasonable. He also uses his credibility to establish trust. He influences the viewer’s opinions very discreetly, so the audience conform their opinion to his without realizing it. Overall, Gerald Ford does a really good job talking to his audience and making them feel like a part of his decision. He uses the appeals to his advantage and wins the audience over; making it easier for them to believe that he is making the right decision.

Developmental Disabilities

Developmental disabilities may become apparent before the age of 22 and thus may cause physical or mental limitations. Developmental abilities involve mental retardation, epilepsy, autism, cerebral palsy and other neurological impairments. In the result people may have either limited mobility or limited ability to take care of their physical needs. Nowadays people suffering from developmental abilities, especially in older age, face social challenges, though have the opportunity to enjoy a full and active life.All they need is understanding, encouragement and readiness of family members to help them to become part of their community. Therefore the project will work out new initiatives and ideas how to expand and strengthen the support system of family. Furthermore, the project will provide better understanding of management and support of family members and will contain relevant materials to share with families. Moreover, the project aims at assisting in future planning, trusts, will s and guardianship.The study thus will provide unique knowledge about elder people suffering from developmental disabilities. The objectives of the study are to improve family- directed support and to provide technical assistance in defining personal needs, plans as well as implementation of programs and evaluation of the results. Furthermore, the specific goals of the research is to strengthen programs aimed at providing families with abilities and proper knowledge how to take care of elder members suffering from developmental disabilities.The present project will be assessed through the methods of description, case study and desktop research. A literature search revealed over 150 articles and books on the managing and supporting people with developmental disabilities. Over two-thirds of these were prescriptive and written by practitioners, consultants and journalists. There is also a steady flow of research and ideas on how to improve the quality of family support. References Hollins S, Sireling L. (1990). Working Through Loss with People Who Have Learning Disabilities. Windsor: NFER-Nelson. Kloeppel D, Hollins S. (1989). Mental Retardation and Death in the Family. Death Studies, 13, 31-38. Stroebe, M., Storebe, W., Hansson, R. (1993). Handbook of Bereavement. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Neoliberalism

Unilateralism can be described as a new economic direction enforced by US and British leaders after WI. It was touted as the best means to livelihood through freedom of the private sector based on four main pillars; vaporization of utilities, financial deregulation, management and manipulation crisis and state redistribution where wealth was supposedly to trickle down' to the poor. Harvey assesses how a seemingly utopian idea was actually a way for US global domination and a means to store upper class wealth.This destructive Capitalist entitlement Is so Ingrained that we are unaware of what an Influential role It plays Into our existence and our seemingly need for new commodities. Who benefits from ‘Individual freedom' and what role does It play In national education, media, and finances and Internationally through the WTFO and MIFF. Quest for self-liberty through societal movement Is traced back to Incidents in the soviet union, Pans, china and Mexico, to name a few.In 1970 he first trial of liberalizing was carried out in Chile with a CIA backed coup and further US control, designed by The Chicago Boys', through vaporization and foreign investment: which is now used as a model for action. After 911 the US embarked on its ‘obligation to spread freedom' as Pres. Bush put it. The Iraq war and outcome is a modern display of US control through declaration of Unilateralism and its freedom. Continuation of time now allows awareness of materialism, class struggle, indigenous fairness and the global society.

Articles critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Articles critique - Essay Example The paper uses persuasive arguments, for instance, in noting that the Latin Americans are the predominant group hence the majority. As the dominant group, it can only follow that they get the most out of minerals and natural resources. This also means that policies mineral policies should be in their favor. As such, these mineral policies only serve to destabilize them politically. In this regard, therefore, politics takes central stage. Various political factions are only interested in controlling the mineral market once they get into power. The paper notes that the shift in policies is simply political and not well intended. In any case, politicians have used the issue of equitable mineral distribution to gain favor with the electorate. Noting that the state has no mandate to interfere with mineral distribution unless it is for genuine reasons, the article is perhaps a revelation towards the dirty nature of politics and how the electorate is usually swayed by empty rhetoric, the politicians make. Using relevant facts such as an increasingly emerging Chinese market and the growing political control in mineral extraction policies, the article uses relevant arguments to show that the proponents of mineral policies have no genuine agenda, but just to improve their political relevance and economic base. This paper is without doubt a tip of an iceberg of political undoing and sources of corruption, and inequitable distribution of resources. Minerals are an important commodity to any community and one that must be equitably shared for economic growth of not every member of the community. Latin America has abundant natural resources and hence a huge potential for growth and development, factors that can greatly improve the economy. For a long time, the Latin American economy has been referred to as a political economy, perhaps meaning the heavy political interference and involvement, so much so that

The Involvement in the Manufacturing Industry and High Rates of Research Paper - 4

The Involvement in the Manufacturing Industry and High Rates of Joblessness - Research Paper Example Trade between two economies is very sensitive to the slightest changes in understanding. It is factual that the cost of tyre production in China is lower than that in America. This enables the sales of Chinese tires at affordable prices while still making profits. Furthermore, some American firms have established their tyre manufacturing industries in China to benefit from the least cost of production (Mankiw et al. 165). This implies that the imposition of the trade tariffs cannot be effective without an equal disruption of the American investors in China. On the other hand, the imposition of specific tariffs for partner countries arouses diplomatic questions on the legitimacy of the protective approach to trading. During the accession of China to the World Trade Organization, it ratified the agreement that gave a loophole for such unprecedented tariffs. This ratification gave room for The protectionist measures undertaken by the American government translates into mere political posturing without any substantial positive effects on trade (Sutter 214). This scenario may escalate into a trade war and inflict a serious economic slump on both the American and Chinese economies. The spill of the trade row may necessitate equal invocation of key agreements such as the anti-dumping policy for the American goods by the Chinese government. Setting the tariffs on Chinese rubber tires at 35% may have appeared plausible for the American government since the world trade organization had preferred a 55% tariff. However, as it turns out, this form of protectionism in the end only incurs expenses to the American economy overly.

Personal statement (fasion industry) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal statement (fasion industry) - Essay Example My first degree was in Fashion design which had a very strong component of management and economics. I enjoyed every subject but I understood very early that fashion is not just creating new clothes; it is extremely large and money-enriched business. Moreover, it is significantly evolving and increasingly becoming a global industry; therefore, I need to be more apprised of the factors that influence significant changes and be able to apply analytical and market research tools in the business that I plan to open. From past courses, such as fashion styling, buying and merchandising, I realized the strong interrelated connections with management courses. I believe that functions in management include planning, organizing, directing and controlling various facets of an organization’s operations; either in marketing, human resources, accounting and finance, and administration. By according me with a more comprehensive discussion of ways to become more competitive and to develop my core competencies, I would be able to effectively design strategies that would assist in achieving my professional goals. Ultimately, I would not only become a successful fashion designer and merchandiser; but I would have evolved into a duly accomplished entrepreneur. After finishing my studies, I worked in retail business with various France companies across Georgia. I was recently actively involved as a buyer and merchandiser for Minelli, Kookai and NafNaf Kids. My responsibilities included reviewing, selecting and buying clothing and accessory collections from various high profile brands including NafNaf, NafNaf & Chavignon Kids, Kookai, and Minelli for several Georgian stores. Likewise, I was proactively contributing to and overseeing numerous PR and advertising campaigns, including the use of billboards and VPN communications in order to promote the collections and generate sales and revenue. I found it necessary therefore, to complete a master’s degree in business mana gement to develop managerial skills, including leadership, decision-making skills, problem-solving and conflict-resolutions skills, among others. I was project manager and in that capacity, my responsibilities included negotiating with several stakeholders and brands managers so they became official partners of the GIG group. Concurrently, I was planning the fashion seasons which covered negotiations that include buying, merchandising, developing pricing strategies and organizing sales periods. In 2010, I started working in an advertising company, also as project manager where among the tasks required branding and conducting market research for our customers to effectively recommend a comprehensive compendium of advertisement strategies. I am currently enrolled in a pre-master program in King’s College. The pre-master’s program is actually designed for international students who have already completed an undergraduate degree; in my case, Fashion Design. The objective o f the program is to effectively prepare students who aim to pursue postgraduate degree programs from other UK universities and therefore, language and academic skills are further enhanced. Despite the more than five years’

English Jurisdiction Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English Jurisdiction - Case Study Example May, furthermore, complained that she had suffered from emotional anguish after the incident. Consequently, May Donoghue filed an action suit against the manufacturer of the ginger beer, David Stevenson, in April of 1929 seeking 500 as payment for the damages inflicted as a result of drinking the ginger beer (1 page 563 Court Records).1 The consequences of the suit - Donoghue v Stevenson - and the events which ensued later still stand as one of the most prominent cases in United Kingdom's legal history and changed the course of consumer law perpetually, as the decision of the House of Lords, UK's supreme appeals court, established a very significant foundation of the delict law not just in Scotland but also all over the world. The House of Lords affirmed that scope of their judgment principles covered English Law as well (page 564 Court Records).2 Donoghue lodged her case in Court of Session in 1929 with the help of Walter Leechman who at that time was already familiar with the previous rulings of the courts with regards manufacturers' liability to consumers in Scotland (Mullen v. A.G. Barr & Co. 1929 S.C. 461). This previous rulings were the main basis of the Scotland's delict law which affirmed that manufacturers have no obligations to or contractual relationship with an individual if she did not pay for the consumer item. Thus May Donoghue could not claim damages or file suit against the manufacturer under the Scottish delict law. The courts ruled twice removing, Stevenson, the manufacturer of the ginger beer, of any legal responsibility citing the courts previous ruling in Mullen v A.G. Barr. Donohue and her lawyer sought appeals from the House of Lords which overturned the decisions of the previous courts and overruled Mullen v. Barr Co., Ld., and M'Gowan v. Barr Co., Ld., 1929 S. C. 461. The House of Lords argued that the manufacturer is liable to the consumer when he places an item for sale for consumption purposes without aptly examining the product. Care should be practiced in ensuring that the article or item sold to the consumer 'is not injurious to health.' Hence the manufacturer is liable to the appellant as he put upon his product, the ginger beer - designed in such a way that consumers would not be able to determine what was inside the bottle. The House of Lords in this ruling has asserted that responsibility rested upon the manufacturer of the ginger beer as, whether the design of the bottle which made it difficult for the consumers to inspect its content, was done intentionally or unintentionally, the rights of the consumers must be protected. The issue, acco rding to the court, was not the contention that the manufacturers committed fraud but the manufacturer's apparent negligence (page 565 Court Records). Lord Bruckmaster argued that the principles the courts gleaned from the appeal is that, the manufacturer, or anyone who confers another service of work as for instance, the repairer, 'owes a duty to any person by whom the article is lawfully used to see that the it has been carefully constructed.' (page 578 Court Records) However, Buckmaster also notes that (page 578 Court Records), that this duty, outside the contractual obligation of the manufacturer, is very broad and covers every item, because this obligation can be extended to every person